Stereotypies: Antecedents and Consequences in Domestic Dog

Stereotypies Antecedents and Consequences in Domestic DogStereotypies their antecedents and consequences in the domestic dog (Canis Familiaris)1 Chapter 1 Introduction (2000 words) 14241.1 Repetitive Behaviours 2The simplest behaviours be crying including normal playact entirely this usually has a challenge, an example is avoiding cracks in the pavement (Williams and Hill, 2012). There be many kinds of repetitious behaviour, when learning a magic trick the behaviour is practiced until the whole trick is flawless. Many believe that the young play as a route of practicing the skills needed when adults however research by Fagen (1981) and Smith (1982) name that play is not practice.1.1.1 Normal behavioursNormal behaviour is essential to progress an sensuals psychological and physical homeostasis so the fauna tramp interact with and modify its surround. One of the five freedoms used to assess animal welfare is the ability to express normal behaviours (FAWC, 2009). However, the rendering of normal behaviours in human verges is relative to a persons civilisation and age and whitethorn be cogitate to an animals culture. Kilgour (2012) asserts the definition of normal behaviour is not straightforward however, an ethogram of domestic animals nearest chaotic relatives gives some idea of an animals diametric behaviours and prison term budgets. Lindsay (2001pp.40-42) provides a dog ethogram of normal behaviours.Daily action mechanism for dogs and their owners tends to vary sidereal day to day but over the seven days affords a more perpetual estimate of activity (Dow et al., 2009) this indicates that many companion dogs activities tend to be routine. stressed dogs a great deal find binding calming, if the stress is long term this cigaret lead to over grooming ca using vibrissa loss and violate to the skin.1.1.2 Abnormal behavioursAbnormal behaviours are those that are atypical of animals in the wild (Birkett and Newton-Fisher, 2011). Abnormal r epetitive behaviours are unvarying and obviously goless that can be readily interrupted, whereas for stereotypy the behaviour must be touchy to interrupt (Mason and Latham, 2004 Haverbeke et al., 2008) these can be both impulsive/ dogmatic or stereotypies (Garner, 2006).1.1.3 Stereotypic behavioursStereotypic behaviours are all repetitive unexplained behaviours but are not of necessity predictable (Bergeron et al., 2006). Repetitive stereotypic behaviours may be symptomatic of stress but may not necessarily be a problem (Rooney et al., 2009), in the dog this could be grooming to relieve stress and only becomes a problem if it results in hair loss or damage to the skin.1.1.4 StereotypiesMany people understand the term stereotypy to indicate that an individual exhibits a problem behaviour.1.1.5 The Evolutionary weigh of StereotypyJapyass and Malange (2014) economize that from the evolutionary view the term abnormal behaviour should be avoided, because phenotypic diversity in g enes, morphology and behaviour are major forces impulsive evolution. Phenotypic diversity is important as enables an organism to adapt to bare-ass environments those behaviours that seem abnormal now could become the new normal depending upon evolutionary selection. The apparent overleap of function in behaviour is questionable as eventually some function may be determined, or back up in coping with stress or a means of communication. The function of stereotypes may also be revealed in unexpectedly perhaps related to communication (Japyass and Malange, 2014).1.1.6 The Ethological and Animal Welfare view of StereotypyThe animal welfare view is that stereotypies are abnormal, functionless repetitive behaviours (Japyass and Malange, 2014). look for another ref. The ethological view is that stereotypies are repetitive behaviours that are unchanging irrespective of the con school text (Japyass and Malange, 2014). These views are drawn in concert by Mason (1991) defining stereotypy as repetitive, unvarying, uninterruptable behaviours with no apparent immediate or ultimate function. However, Rapp and Vollmer (2005) write that frequently stereotypic behaviours provides their own funding and not social consequences.1.1.7 What are Impulsive/Compulsive BehavioursImpulsive/compulsive repetitive behaviours are variable and extradite a polish say but the behaviour persists even after the achieving the goal or the goal becomes inappropriate (Garner, 2006).1.1.8 Impulsive repetitive behavioursImpulsive repetitive behaviours are set in humans with Tourettes syndrome manifesting as mingled tics, or as trichotillomania, hair plucking.1.1.9 Difference between Impulsive/Compulsive BehavioursClinically the attribute between impulsive and compulsive repetitive behaviours is important, however differentiating them is more complex in animals than in humans (Garner, 2006).1.1.10 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Mills and Luescher (2006) put up that stereotypy and neurot ic-compulsive disorder (OCD) are hard to differentiate Eilam et al. (2012) add that OCD is a disabling condition affecting the sufferers quality of life. Ethology is the weigh of animal behaviour aiming to understand proximate and the ultimate causes of behaviours the concept of the ethogram methodological analysis is extended to the study of OCD behaviour (Eilam et al., 2012). Observations by Eilam et al. (2006) showed animals performing rigid behaviour sequences in specific locations, according to Kalueff et al. (2007) these are the spatiotemporal and locomotor characteristics of OCD.1.1.11 What is the difference between OCB and stereotypyChok and Koesler (2014) used functional analysis to assess the differences between stereotypy and obsessive compulsive behaviours (OCB) by identifying physiological states internal (heart rate) and external (defined by nervus facialis expression or vocalisations). Signs of pleasure were regarded as a quantify imperious reinforcement, hence s tereotypy and of displeasure regarded as signs of OCB.1.1.12 Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviours (OCB)Humans exhibiting obsessive-compulsive behaviours (OCB) are aware that these behaviours are irrational but are unable to disagree their compulsion to continue to perform the behaviour.1.2 Stereotypies and the environment1.2.1 Maternal Deprivation imprisoned animals particular(a)ly in commercial environments but including companion animals are frequently removed from their mothers earlier than would occur in the wild (Latham and Mason, 2008). Maternal neediness leads to an increase in the frequency and severity stereotypes these can be perfectly term as with belly-nosing in piglets or can cause spooky changes inducing later persistent stereotypes (Latham and Mason, 2008).The relationship between the animals stereotypic behaviour and the environmental deficit is not always clear. Wiedenmayer (1997) found that providing a substrate suitable for digging did not reduce stereotypies in ge rbils but providing a tunnel system did. Digging was not the arrogant motivation just means to achieve a burrow.1.2.2 Stereotypy Interdisciplinary colloquyThe term stereotypy has different uses in different research areas ethological, medical and animal welfare there is not even an agreement about including lack of function or abnormality in the definition (Japyass and Malange, 2014). Edwards et al. (2012) asserts the lack of a consistent definition for stereotypies is insufficient for both academic and medical symptomatic purposes.1.3 Stereotypies Behaviours1.3.1 Ungulate stereotypiesUngulates are the most common mammal exhibiting stereotypy many ungulatedd stereotypies tend to resemble species typical feeding and foraging behaviours (Bergeron et al., 2006).Examples of typical stereotypies for ungulates are given in Table 1. Cattle at pasture excrete between 7 to 9 hours grazing and similar time ruminating possibly herbivores have evolved to require a minimum feeding period for each one day (Redbo and Nordblad,1997). This could explain the number of oral stereotypies reported for animals fed on a concentrate food with restricted roughage as their time budget eating and ruminating is less that at pasture.Table 1 Examples of ungulate stereotypy1.3.2 Carnivore stereotypiesSome species of carnivores do well in captivity do not exhibit abnormal behaviours and breed successfully. While carnivores that have high activity levels and patrol large ranges have high levels of stereotypy. Vickery and Mason (2005) found carnivore stereotypies are mostly locomotory pacing and weaving, other reported stereotypies was some oral and degree swaying. Clubb and Mason (2007) found the carnivore stereotypy levels are significantly predicted by their typical rifle distances and natural home-range size. Perhaps some species are unsuitable for zoos and should be keep in large areas that enable their natural behaviours.1.4 Overall inquiry Aims1.4.1 relationship between breed type and stereotypyTo try to measure the spread of different stereotypies across breed groups. It has been found that some breeds have their own particular set of stereotypes for example flack sucking in Doberman Pinchers (Houpt, 1992).1.5 Outline Research Methods and Timescales1.5.1 Research methodA questionnaire will be used to measure the relationship between breed type and the stereotypy emitted. The survey was initially created using several survey software programs available online many were restricted either the number of questions asked or the variety of question types was limited, or the resultant sidetrack file was not in a format readily converted for SPSS. Eventually Google Docs was selected and the survey created and was piloted on social media the resulting file of about 20 responses was downloaded in text format that could be readily input into a spreadsheet which then needs to be reformatted for input into SPSS for processing. The questionnaire included some questi ons that had exposed questions in the form of the other option a free text input area. This was to allow flexibility and for respondents to feel empowered and encourage more accurate replies. This means these responses need interpreting and the formation of new categories or allocated to available options for processing (Questionnaire, 2015). These questions are qualitative but once the responses have been interpreted in allocated to categories, the subsequent treatment of the data will be quantitative and analysed using quantitative statistical methods.The social environment divided by the domestic dog and their human companions unique and investigating the environment care must be taken not introduce curve by the questions asked.1.5.2 Comparability of Responses1.5.2.1 Outline Research Method 1 TimescalesDuring whitethorn 2015 the survey was deployed in several different social media and forums across a number of interest groups including relating to dogs trainers, problems, bre ed categories and general chat forums. The number of respondents stalled by June and further locations sort.