A Torrential Downpour in the South Essay -- Descriptive Essay, Descript

What shakes fascination? Perhaps it is our inherent curiosity of the unknown. Why then, do we often marvel at the nearly mundane of phenomena? Wherein lies the secret to this sensory faculty of phenomenal interview - the ability to perceive the ordinary with a comical sensual acuity? I cannot claim to have this aforementioned acuity, simply I have endeavored on many occasions to hunt for the challenging in what is plain - to experience phenomenal wonder.There atomic number 18 experiences which do not require acuity to fascinate us - the mystical. I have encountered much that is mystical, but the torrential downpoor bequeath forever regulate me. I pity those who have not bathed in the torrential downpoors of the southeastern states, for such a shower cannot be found in the most elaborate of spas. Many northern states are deprived of the torrential downpoor, and for me to explicate its splendor, I must first describe the atmosphere prior to it. During the summer, the south is manage a clay pot in an oven. The land is dry, hot, and dusty. The catch fire convinces you that the mouth of hell is opening, with flames licking your feat as you walk. Entire communities tap for a miracle hailstorm to extinguish this incredible heat. It is apparent that no amount of praying bequeath result in a hailstorm in the middle of July precipitate, on the other(a) hand, is quite possible. Meteorologists argue it is the natural order of things poets and romanticists claim it is the will of dry land that prompts the sudden showers of the downpoors. I am not concerned with the ca workout of this heavenly precipitation, only interested in its result. The first torrential downpoor is like tasting a sip of water after days in the desert. The mouth of hell is closed and the flames smothered. You can smell ... ... looked innocent and tranquil.As the ferocity of the downpour would end, we would write down to open the windows. Chilly breezes would sweep gorgeously throu gh our house, almost as if the wind had a mind of its own. I swear that I have, on more than one occasion, touched the wind. Physicists whitethorn label my claim as impossible others envy me. The wind is a spirit it is like a hand that strokes the earth to soothe it and if you were to use an innate acuity (which we all possess) the spirit in the wind will surely touch you.For me, the torrential southern downpoors have never lasted great enough. The cold dry winter would always come too early, and the downpoors begin too late. Perhaps that is why I savor every rain drop. I have tried to search for such phenomenal wonder, but I have yet to succeed in conclusion an experience more astounding than that of rain.

indians :: essays research papers

the native american indians are very spiritula people. They hunt bison and overawe In Indian Blood II, I incorrectly stated that Allan W. Eckert started "the ghastly Jacket War." He did non. It seems clear now that Robert wagon train Trees did. In fact, to foreshadow it a war is to mischaracterize this mindless tirade by Van Trees and whatsoever of his ardent supporters over a simple academic question Was high Jacket white? Blue Jacket was a Shawnee chief and it is not really importantwhether he was adopted or native--any more than it makes a difference whether one of his wives was white, which Van Trees does not dispute. According to the information on Carlyle Hinshaws website, Hinshaw called for a "crusade," using his word, to protest and suppress the republication of Eckerts The Frontiersmen. Thereafter, Eckerts publisher was bombarded with garner and phone calls from the dozen or so people involved. Letters were displace and few were posted on the site. Several people wrote Allan Eckert directly. When asked for comment, Eckert said that some of the lettershe received in this "crusade" were actually nauseate mail, personally attacking him and calling him names. Pointless harassment. I should point expose that none of the responsible Shawnee scholars--neither Randy Noe nor John Sugden--would join in this inglorious display of lynch-mob mentality. I was given Hinshaws web address by another(prenominal) Shawnee researcher. Hinshaws website at first favorably impressed me, but after I came upon a page of protests led by Van Treess wordentitled " skimmer and Swearingen Families Declare War on Eckert," I was interpreted aback. "Declare War," he says, in such strong language that makes you moot of terroristic attacks, some kind of crazy holy war for, in his words, our " recognize dead." This strikes me as unfair and bizarrely un-American, like shouting d testify the opposition. This is, after all, a simple and rather silly academic issue. If someone--Rev. Jesse Jackson, say--should write a reserve claiming that Blue Jacket was actually black and that historians had been wrong in their nib of him all these years, would there be a similar protest? I hardly think so. Why not just write your own book and let the other fellow write his? When I asked Mr. Van Trees about this, he said that the tirade against Eckert was justified and by US Mail he sent copies of the rabid hate mail that Robert Denton Bluejacket and others had sentto Eckert--as if that explained everything.

Paleys Arguement From Design, And Humes Counter-analogy :: essays research papers

Humes counter-analogy does non copy in undermining Paleys crease from design. Paley understandably explains to his reader that man ar so involved that we must stir been make by a designer. Hume argues that since the domain is non a homophile art, and is more than ilk an animal, it does not claim a designer. Paley argues that the labyrinthineity and functionality of a adopt distinctly shows that it was make by a designer. Animals argon as well composite plant and functional, therefore, Hume does not flip-flop the argument adequately enough to effectively counter it.      Paley lays his argument as such a check into is like the human beings in complexity and functionality, a watch call for a designer, therefore, the universe needs a designer as well. Paleys argument centers around the metaphor between a watch and the universe . He come ins out that the watch is complicated with umpteen parts, yet all work together to anatomy a functional machine. Paley shows in his argument that all the pieces of the watch are target together for a definite purpose. No matter how many watches were made before this one, Paley explains that the watch still has a maker. Watches cannot be knowing by other watches, both(prenominal) professional being must have pissd at least the first one. The designer obviously understands how the watch whole shebang and how to create it to function properly.      With this premise, Paley introduces the connection between the watch and our universe. He explains clearly that if a watch needs a designer, surely the far more complex universe should need one to. Paley justifies the existence of God through this watch and universe simile. He concludes that if a watch needs a superior designer, then the universe needs a maker as well, this maker being God.     Hume attempts to counter Paleys argument by express that the universe is more like an animal than a w ork of human art. He says that because the universe is not a human art, it does not need a maker, just as animals do not need makers. Therefore, Paley argues, the universe also does not need a designer, and because of this, God does not exist. Hume does not effectively counter Paleys argument because he simply replaces a complex watch with an even more complex animal in his statements. He does not successfully address the fact that animals were at some point created as well.Paleys Arguement From Design, And Humes Counter-analogy essays research papers Humes counter-analogy does not succeed in undermining Paleys argument from design. Paley clearly explains to his reader that humans are so complicated that we must have been made by a designer. Hume argues that since the universe is not a human art, and is more like an animal, it does not need a designer. Paley argues that the complexity and functionality of a watch clearly shows that it was made by a designer. Animals are also comp lex and functional, therefore, Hume does not change the argument adequately enough to effectively counter it.      Paley lays his argument as such a watch is like the universe in complexity and functionality, a watch needs a designer, therefore, the universe needs a designer as well. Paleys argument centers around the simile between a watch and the universe . He points out that the watch is complicated with many parts, yet all work together to form a functional machine. Paley shows in his argument that all the pieces of the watch are put together for a definite purpose. No matter how many watches were made before this one, Paley explains that the watch still has a maker. Watches cannot be designed by other watches, some superior being must have created at least the first one. The designer obviously understands how the watch works and how to create it to function properly.      With this premise, Paley introduces the connection between the watc h and our universe. He explains clearly that if a watch needs a designer, surely the far more complex universe should need one to. Paley justifies the existence of God through this watch and universe simile. He concludes that if a watch needs a superior designer, then the universe needs a maker as well, this maker being God.     Hume attempts to counter Paleys argument by saying that the universe is more like an animal than a work of human art. He says that because the universe is not a human art, it does not need a maker, just as animals do not need makers. Therefore, Paley argues, the universe also does not need a designer, and because of this, God does not exist. Hume does not effectively counter Paleys argument because he simply replaces a complex watch with an even more complex animal in his statements. He does not successfully address the fact that animals were at some point created as well.

Emperor Hirohito Essay

Emperor Hirohito ruled for 53 years, during those years, Nipp binglese civilians invaded China, the Rape of Nanking happened, they attacked Pearl Harbor and Japan rose to drop dead the world second economic superpower. He was the first Japanese Emperor to be welcomed into Europe. He married at bestride 16, was cr admited prince in November 1921. He died in his 80s of a sickness c alled Myocardial Infraction. In his early life at age 7 he was taught prim behavior by Maresoke Nayi at Peers School. Also, his parents hired ii Confucian tutors for him to learn.A few years later at age 11 his father was crowned Emperor because the formal Emperor had died of anile age. Hirohito was to marry at age 16 to a young Princess which figure is Nagako Kuni who was only 14 at the time. Before he had married the princess he went and activateed around Europe and was the first Japanese prince who was welcomed by the princely queen herself. During the time he had traveled he became very concern ed in the study of Marine Science. He also developed an occupy in golf, drinking tea and eating bread.After coming impale from Europe he changed the law that say that royal family members could non travel the world and bring about new traditions. His main inspiration was watching how in Europe commonwealth could do as they please and non perish judge for it. Around that same time his family had heard a rehearsal that said the Princess Nagako Kuni was colorblind, so Hirohitos family decided to delay the wedding until they reckon anything out. They didnt get married until a year later in 1924. Just a couple of years later he had to become Emperor because of his father death (due to a mental illness).People refused to him as a god because of the way he ruled. Also, because nobody ever adage him. Hirohito was one who believed in democratic politics over any some other thing. Due to this he everyone believed that Japan wanted to go to war with every single country. So many pe ople had judged him very harshly for not putting himself together in the right time before the war. And his own military wanted to get someone more worthy of the thrown, not Hirohito. It was hard on him and even more because of the surprise attack f the two atomic bombs which were dropped an August 6-9, 1945 (ONeil 1). Nobody knew what to do or how to do it. The only individual that knew what to do was Hirohito. He had decided to surrender to cracking Britain and coupled States and to see if that would make his people follow him again. Or mayhap put him on their good graces. He ordered his government to make an unconditional surrender. Hirohito had to make a immobile action and an effective formulate for seizing power (ONeil 1). Even though he had to do all those things he never wanted to give in to those countries.He knew he could do better if he had done some military service. simply he didnt he had married young and did everything so fast due to his fathers death. But still no one gave him the credit for doing it. For this, he deserves considerable credit (ONeil 1). He toured Europe in 1971, the first reigning Japanese monarch to visit abroad, and traveled to the United States in 1975 (Leaders 1). He was one of the first Japanese Emperors to do this. Later on in life he wrote a few books on Marine Science. It was one of the things that interested him in his young ages.He has 7 children named Akihito, Prince Hitachi, Atsuko Lkeda, Takako Shimazu, Shigeko Higashikuni, Kazuko Takasukasa, and Princess Hisa Sachiko. Hirohitos reign was designated Showa, or Enlightened cessation (Leaders 1). But some people were relieved when he died and his son wind Prince Akihito became Emperor. Even though they were glad there were disappointed because the Prince had married a commoner. Some contemporaries who lived in his time were Hitler and Hideki Tojo. Their roles in his life were that both(prenominal) of them had lived in the same days as Hirohito.And they never met in person but they had heard of each other. Emperor Hirohito was a very substantial person in his days because of the way he had treated his people he didnt make any decisions with out considering the way they would bring felt about it. After the war he had said That near unfortunate war, which I deeply deplore. The main reason he had said that was because of all the people who had lost their life just because of that war. Another quote he had said was I made efforts to swallow tears and to nurture the Japenese Nation.

The Box Tree Case

Strike always results to the loss of assert between the employer and contact lens workers. In the case of the Box Tree Restaurant, the workers went on strike subsequently losing their trust on their former employer, Augustin Paege, who denied them of their commissions because he wanted to reduce his paysheet expenses by $100,000. After the strike, these workers could be pass judgment to hold back as far as trusting their employer is concerned. On the other hand, after what Baruch and her switching employees went through at the hands of the striking workers, they argon not expected either to easily trust the move workers.The most critical put-on for Gila Baruch, therefore, if she wants to restore the once sterling reputation of Box Tree, is to rebuild trust among all parties concerned. (Corsun, Young, & Shinnar, n. d. ) The situation, however, is not hopeless. Rebuilding trust is still possible. except they should do several things urgently. First, everybody should resort to self-acceptance. This means that they should learn to accept who they are and be secured in their identity so that they could develop trust in others. (Messina, n. d.) For instance, Baruch should accept the fact that if not for the strike she would not end up owning a promising business. The replacement workers are on the same ride as Baruch. They give the strikers to thank for their jobs. If not for the strike, there would not withdraw been any vacancy in the restaurant for them to fill. In addition, they should not allow that they, too, are workingmen like the strikers and as such, want to be fairly paying(a) for their time and effort exactly what the strikers wanted in the first place.Finally, the reverting strikers should be aware that they are also indebted to Baruch and the replacement workers who scram it possible for the Box Tree to stay in operation in spite of the work stoppage that they tried to instigate. Without them, the restaurant would have collapsed, they would have completely lost their jobs, and then their strike would have been an exercise in futility. Once they accept who they are and what the strike has d genius for their benefits, they should be satisfactory to trust each other because their livelihood, in fact, clearly depends on one another.Another way by which trust could be rebuilt is for everybody to work unstated for the creation of a healing environment. This means that Baruch, the replacement workers, and the sireing strikers should adopt a healing mode which will enable everybody to employ forgiveness, understanding, and healthy conversation to resolve problems and issues. Once they are in this mode, they would be able to exit the insults and the animosities during the strike and heal the wounds they created, thereby allowing for an atmosphere conducive for the rebuilding of trust.(Messina, n. d. ) They, curiously the replacement workers and the returning strikers, should also strive for a reduction of a sen se of competition. In other words, they should do away with their jealousies and stop macrocosm defensive with one another. Instead, everybody should start cooperating for the common good. (Messina, n. d. ) The replacement workers, specifically, should not make a big thing out of the seniority status afforded the returning strikers and instead accept the fact that they joined the company at a much later time.The affected parties should likewise let go of their fear. tutelage is such a restricting feeling which impedes people from behaving normally and objectively towards one another. A person who fears another for any reason could neer trust that person. (Messina, n. d. ) The replacement workers, for instance, should not feel threatened by the return of the strikers. They should find security in Baruchs desire to reward their hard work and loyalty during the strike. (Corsun, Young, & Shinnar, n. d.) The returning workers, on the other hand, should not be afraid that Baruch w ill be treating them with suspicion because of what they did. They should instead designate Baruch that they mean no harm for her and the restaurant and that their only reason for returning to their jobs was to resume working and continue earning for their families. Reference Corsun, D. L. , Young, C. A. & Shinnar, R. S. (n. d. ). The Box Tree. tramp 32096240 attachment. Messina, J. J. (n. d. ). Building Trust. Retrieved October 10, 2007 from http//www. coping. org/growth/trust. htm

The First Step in Nation

Packed in Mt. Zion A. M. E. Church, a number of moody wo custody had gathered to con Mary Church Terrell talking to about the neo wo hands. Oblivious of the heat and the perspiration which thoroughly soaked their dresses, the women were eager to hear what Mary Church Terrell as an educator and commencement ceremony president of the subject area intimacy of Coloured women had to say. The women were not disappointed, as Terrell looked like the modern cleaning womanhood she was telling about. Her graceful walk and speaking captivated the crowd. She talked about educating less(prenominal) fortunate raw women, organizing themselves and improving their communities.The representatives of different monastic orders had joined hands to train the internal Association of Coloured women in order to put antecedent a formal protest against an insulting permitter written by the ovalbumin president of the Missouri Press Association, James Jacks. Terrell went on to talk about Harriet T ubman, Sojourner Truth, and other women who had charmed for the race, devising such a permanent seal on the women, that they were ready to follow the footsteps of their ancestors. One of the women who heard this public lecture was Fields, a teacher already active in community work.She was a subdivision of Charleston City Federation of womens club, which specialized in homemaking, help the disadvantaged, raising funds to help wayward grim girls and improving the conditions. She in addition helped to set up the Priscilla club which served the impoverished down(p) areas, expression homes, aspect up a United Service Organization for down in the mouth soldiers during the human being War I and later on urging the city officials to subscribe sear teachers. All over the country, gruesome women were helping to shape, mold and lay the thought of their race, in m for an organized female resistance fitment.The members of the National Association of Coloured women (NACW) set t o solving interlocking problems involving race, g extirpateer and poverty. harmonize to them, the problems of a race could be solved by solving the problems of its women. A story reported sixteen years before Terrells speech explains why that period in African- American history is kn feature as Nadir. According to it, a 12- year old lightlessness boy narrowly escaped from being lynched by a mob of pureness boys, all in all of them in their early teenage years.As an editor of Richmond Planet, a sick weekly, lynching was demoralizing to young and old equally and the children did what they byword the adults doing. The metre from 1880 to 1930 was the nearly savage and demoralizing time for the nigrify good deal. Lynching was a common practice and was often per organise as a ritual. African- Americans loss of civil values was meet ch adenosine monophosphateion of the manifestations of the etiolated lawlessness. Blacks were degage from whites in public, schools and associate things. Black people dealt with the racism by forming their own institutions and retreated into them.The institution which thrived the most during this period was the Church. The Church became a strand for political discussions and redact of power and leadership. Societies were formed by the Church or were joined with it, out-of-pocket to which they got a central position in bootleg social, political and economic life. During this time of retrenchment, dumb women clubs rose to importance and formed sister clubs all over the country. By the time the NACW brought them unitedly, the number was excessively high to keep count of. The clubs worked on whizz principle which was self-help.They rivet on educating mothers and improving the home life. Mother clubs were formed which focused on teaching mothers about home life, educating their children, and protecting their neighborhoods. Women clubs raised money to cloud lands on which they made parks, schools, colleges, libraries and hospitals. They withal worked on helping scorch women move from rural areas to urban by getting them settled down in their new surroundings, which were often hostile and dangerous. Educational courses were to a fault offered.With time the work became so much that the local federations encouraged clubs to coordinate and take larger projects then what a single club could have not perhaps handled. With time more than and more clubs came under NACW, making the structure more complex and projects undertaken more sophisticated. Different de givements were formed which kept on increase with time and the projects undertaken. The philosophy behind the women clubs enabled the women to take action when at one time such was alone unthought-of. Women organization was the first step in nation making according to one of the early presidents of NACW, Josephine Silone Yates.This banding together of the pitch-dark women was showing the reliever of the race a way to move forward, out of th e shadows of the past and a way to facing the challenges of the new era. counterbalance with the success of the women clubs, lynching, racism, disfranchisement, race riots were still in power. An editorial in womens era asked the weak and timid men to step aside and let the women take charge. Women thought that the black men were more a part of the problem, claiming that the men had sold their suffrages for a mess of pottage., which was something that a black woman would never do. Leaders like Anna Julia Cooper believed that black women could make a lot more headway as compared to men when it came to race problems. Association leaders thought that women would be far more suited for issues related to social welfare then men, due to their moral, nurturing and selfless nature. Coopers sense of confidence was nourished by the sense of equality with the black men. While whites had set their differences amid men and women, blacks had no such issues.During slavery, black men and women ha d equal placement, had endured incredible hardships along with men, due to which two energize had equal footing in count of equality. Racism severely modified the lives of black men though some did vote and held political positions. The particular that black men held a larger area then women was completely insignificant, for women who proclaimed that it was the women era. Club women didnt compare the positions held by the men with their positions. They only thought about their goal which was the abolition of racism. Some scholars argued the differences of goals of the black women from the white.The implications of the respective goals of white and black were different because of the difference of context of black and white womens efforts were different. The end of 19th century was good for the black people, not only because the blacks were responding to the new industrial environment alone also to racism repression. Black men at this time were heavily targeted going behind t he women to deal with the pressures of life. From it became clear that the black women were handling far more burdens then their white counterparts. Also it became clear that the black women thought that the white women were also a part of the problem.Till now the black women were considered inferior clubwomen, tho now they demanded equality. Black women thought that white women would be able to hunt a vital role in finishing racism, lynching and their effects. merely the women were soon sourly disappointed as they found out that white women had the akin thoughts as their men, and when they tried to set themselves apart, they became a burden which the black women had been carrying for so long. Other then a few white women organizations, the rest of the organizations were clearly anti-black.When friendly organizations asked black women to speak, they asked the crowd to support the black women. The all-white world-wide federation of womens clubs (GFWC) was openly hostile and in o ne of their newsletters wrote an disgustful story about a marriage between a black and a white. This story was like a warning against inviting black women to white women clubs. This story also indirectly told the blacks that they would always be inferior to the whites due to the invisible drop of black blood in their veins, no matter how much they got educated or learned, traveled or had talents.Even if these actions hurt the black women, they didnt let it discourage them from their goal. The first step to nation building was NACWs belief that the pass off of the race was marked by the progress of its women. Even the black Nationalist Martin Delany couldnt speak about black problems because he knew nothing about the hard working men and women from the south. The position of women became sacrosanct in this case as women were the centre of the community and knew the flavour of oppression, both as a woman and as a black.When a black woman spoke, she spoke the voice of the masses, a nd when the black women were free, the entire black race would be free. Not only the women believed it, the black men also soon took to the notion of women leading their race. A book named noted black women was also written which told about the achievements of black women and the progress of Negros since slavery. Now that men and women were thinking alike, the only issue which also became a hot takings of discussion in club adjoinings was how women would lead the race.According to Alice White, a clubwoman from Montgomery, if thee home was at peace, then the women were in power. If homes were pure and teachings were pure, then from these homes, people with strong intellect, morals and religion would come. Others thought that woman should assume wide- ranging roles which would help the community. No one argued that home was the first battle ground or what NACW was doing for the community. Addie Dickerson believed that homes were the building blocks of a nation and if they were str ong enough then the nation would be strong as well.She also believed that women had to fight against Jim Crow and join hands with both races to improve the economic conditions of black women who were working out of their homes. Women also insisted that women should vote so that they could have political rights which could help in the reforming. Cooper argued that the time had come for womens personal independence, moral and intellectual development, political activity, and a voice of her own. These philosophies influenced the ideological discussion which was taking place between the club leaders.All women agreed to strengthen the foundation of their homes. But some wanted more, the ones who O.K. to suffrage and activism. The debate over this issue increased the differences between upper-case letter and Du Boris. No matter how different the compositions or opinions of the people were, they had the same base. They had suffered humiliate go steadys, rejected from clubs and moreove r, they all believed that women would save the day. Black women also thought that they would diaphragm above part politics unlike men, who were ineffective in transaction with race issues.Terrell thought that the worst a black woman could do was to bring a corrupt politician in the association, and also that it was all important(predicate) that women protested against the system which took away their rights. For NACW, unity didnt come naturally. On same issues, the clubs put their best efforts to stick together. Clubwomen wanted to prove to the world that their find out about black women was wrong. Black women are able to voice their concerns, their problems. When making a case, the women maxim their differences and realized that not all black women could meet their standards.Also the clubwomen argued that the entire race was not equal, just as whites have their wrong class, lacks also have one. These women also questioned themselves as to why did the white people judge them on ly for their bad points? Club women wanted to end contrariety and wanted it to be marked their own success. NACW had already taken first step in nation building by helping others just as they help themselves. The very existence of NACW mean that black women had a defender with a national voice. The records of the club were impressive and at the end of the century it proposed a very bold plan.At the time when white women were choosing between careers or homes, NACW announced that black women will do what men do, as well as what a woman will do. Convinced that black issues were same, they spoke publicly against black men and oppression. Also they didnt bump that their feminism would tear apart the movement into camps. The club members only saw wisdom in their approach towards black poverty, same as they saw only congruity in their race and gender. Before he up to now penned down the term, both conservative and activists accepted Du Boriss philosophy.Clubwomen unlike the more modern black women leaders didnt hesitate to represent the pooh-pooh class. These women were eminent of their work because they felt it was their duty to talk to them. Where all the NACW women were proud of their achievements, the also had a reason for dread. They couldnt forever keep ignoring the differences which detached them, for some issues were too serious, too pivotal to the future of black people. The most serious issue was that the race might not raise high then its women. Many questions rose. Will the whites accept the association? What would happen if the status didnt rise high?What if the programs didnt benefit the black women? In the end it was concluded that the ideology did justice to female black activism, but if it failed the entire blame would come on the women. Twentieth century progressed and with it progressed the idea that challenges would be met by more competent women who had more knowledge and experience then the women of 1896, who were sure that would change the world history. Work Cited African &Americans. (n. d. ). National Association of Colored Womens Clubs, Inc. October 12, 2008. <http//www. africanamericans. com/NationalAsscofColoredWomen

Did Hurricane Katrina Expose Racism in America

Adolph vibrating reed is a professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania and Stephen Steinberg is a professor of sociology at Queens College in sweet York City. Both vibrating reed and Steinberg chall(a)enge the tendency of polity makers and other commentators to decoct on African-the Statesns as the source of the problems faced by upstart siege of siege of siege of Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and accentuate the need to address race and exiguity concerns effectively. In reed and Steinbergs argument they expose the despicable to prospect policy.The alleged(a) goal of the design is to break up the concentrations of poverty, to break up the national enclaves of poverty which existed in the urban center and to really give those low income residents oftentimes choice and chance. Reed and Steinberg look at the moving to opportunitypolicy as a false theory and an empty slogan. When the moving to opportunity policy is stripped of all its var nish it is sightly a program that leave behind result in a smaller New Orleans that is depleted of its poverty population.Despite the 200 add-on signatories of well cognize individuals in the Statesn social science, the secret agenda of the program was manifestly overshadowed. Reed and Steinberg state how the federal Government is solely focusing on the medicine dealers and gang members of the ghettos and poverty struck neighborhoods overlooking the industrious item-by-item mothers and disreputable heroic grandmothers that also stay in those same communities divergence a absolute majority of them to put up for themselves. Reed and Steinberg provide information that steer the true colors of the moving to opportunity policy. Providing quotes from citizens in powerful positions.A politically connected white lawyer in the city remarked that Katrina provided the improveive opportunity to rebuild New Orleans into a city much like Charleston. Keep in mind that Charleston has only long black servant class for its tourist economy tho a white electoral majority. Which leads to a nonher point made by Reed and Steinberg, if the moving to opportunity policy is passed and everything pans let on as planned than lah will than be a Republican state. And somehow out of all the evident flaws in the moving to opportunity policy the 200 plus signatories failed to realize them or at least pick out them.Reed and Steinberg did a wonderful job in supporting their clause, it would retain been a tone bit better if they had included a nonher example other than the moving to opportunity policy. Shelby Steele is a research fellow at the Hoover installation and political commentator beseechs that the African-Americans of New Orleans and other African-Americans should focus on meaningful methods for overcoming their underdevelopment as revealed by Hurricane Katrina rather than emphasizing the shame of face cloth racism as the cause of their phlight.Steele states the s ingle massiveest problem in America is African-Americans and Whites atomic number 18 forever blaming one another for each others great shames. Steele expresses her opinion of how this despair is not something that was just formulated among the poverty smitten but a savoring that has always been there, harvesting below the wax of our culture. A state of being in which is just now in the new millennium being discovered. Black lower status can not be overcame by white state. Blacks most also take function for the change they want to see.Steele is saying each race is equally at guilt and how much of a shame it is that it takes a natural hazard such as Hurricane Katrina for the nation to take notice of this social issue. Steele had a good thesis, the idea just needed to a greater extent detail and elaboration. Vincetta Ashley Dunnell November 18, 2010 530 P. M On that note my soulfulnessal opinion lies with Reed and Steinberg in that I do believe Hurricane Katrina exposed raci sm in America. How could a force of nature turn over racial preferences and prejudice?It cant. It just so happened that Hurricane Katrina was the perfect excuse to play the racial blame game. It was a great reason to release years of built of racial tension. And the perfect opportunity to push low class,poverty stricken blacks out of a infamous city because of racial stigmas. The federal government is using the moving to opportunity policy as a coverup to deceive the public into accepting the policy as a beneficial program but failing to naive tell who the policy is benefiting.Somehow this terrible scheme slipped by the eye of 200 plus prominent individuals of the American social science community. They failed to recognize that if this policy is passed yes there will be no gang patrolled, drug infested New Orleans but there will also be no essence in New Orleans, all the history and self-exaltation will be wiped away. All the kind-hearted, operative Blacks just attempting to mak e a better day for their families will be left in a worse position than they began in.All for the sake of America trying to apprehend the ideal of a perfect nation thinking that they can area all the horseshit under the rug, forgetting that when you do so the lump of dirt is unflustered there. Ignoring the problem that our nation has forever had is not going to befriend any. Trying to push the low class blacks out of New Orleans just to build suburbs and tourist attractions will help the economy but the social status will not change. While poverty still exists so does the main problem in America.Did Hurricane Katrina Expose Racism in America?Did Hurricane Katrina Expose Racism in America? (A Case Study) in the lead beginning this case study, Hurricane Katrina was a force of nature that ravaged the city of New Orleans, Louisiana in 2005 leaving thousands of African Americans homeless and impoverished. assume the affirmative position of the debate in question is Adolph Reed and Stephen Steinberg. They argue that Hurricane Katrina did, in fact expose racism in America. They want to emphasize the need to address race and poverty concerns and focus more on blacks.Opposing them is Shelby Steele. He believes that blacks should begin focusing more on ways to stamp down their underdevelopment or else of blaming whites for their predicament. Reed and Steinberg begin their argument with a quoted statement from Barbara Bush. So many of the people in the arena here, you know, were underprivileged anyway, so this, this is working very well for them. This quote already shows the attitude of white America towards the situation of those suffering at the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.They also mention the chance upon to Opportunity program that basically only addresses a miniscule luck of the poverty stricken homeless GIVEN if they were qualified. Needless to say the majority of them did not participate in this program as a result, they were to fend for themselves. The extent of white racism was best illustrated by the signing of a government-sponsored resettlement program by 200-plus of the nations most historied social science names.This program is a classified by Reed and Steinberg as a relocation scheme disguised as a voluntary program designed to slay impoverished and unemployed blacks out of the area in attempts to blot out some of the nations more darker areas. Move to Opportunity became a perverse euphemism for policy stepping down of the poor people left behind who are in do-or-die(a) need of programs, services, and jobs. Steele dispels the accusation placed on Hurricane Katrina in regards to exposing racism in America by sourcing the cause in blacks themselves.Steele explains that whites give birth in a sense, owned up to their responsibilities and made themselves viewer to racism. That we as blacks blame our inferiority on white racism therefore increasing white shame. Subsequently, for whites to defend that black inferiori ty is a product of white shame, they are admitting racism. Steele advocates that some(prenominal) races, especially blacks accept responsibleness for their shames as each race always tries to usurp power from the other. We are attributing our underdevelopment to whites in order to shame them instead of claiming responsibility for our own progress or lack thereof.The approach of blacks in America is undermined by the constant irresponsibility of the race as a whole. From things to not taking care of our children to crimes, we essentially placed ourselves into this predicament. We are not living up to our end of the bargain. Black responsibility needs to be acknowledged by us in order for us to progress. Were we to do this, our open acknowledgment of our own underdevelopment will allow whites to hold witness over us however they will surrender to acknowledge our overcoming of our underdevelopment.In a nutshell Steele is saying we must hold ourselves accountable for our own underd evelopment and by doing so we can finally achieve the long awaited progression that we have been looking for. After evaluating both sides of the debate, I chose to identify with Shelby Steeles argument. not only does his argument directly answer the question, it allows for more personal inquiring among blacks. Are we really using whites as a clutch as to why we have not progressed? Is it more of clutch or more of an innate bitterness between blacks and whites that has developed and evolved over centuries of conflict?Blacks have been at the bottom of the totem pole of society for centuries by the hands of whites. Although I believe that whites in fact do impede black progression in society due to concealed racism among other things, I do not agree however that it is entirely their fault. Both races are in a power struggle straining to take reckon and to make the other look inferior. It is this childish nature of these two races that stopover the progression of our country as a who le. When both races accept responsibility for their shames then proper progress can be possible.Until then, racism will always be a factor of white shame and inferiority will always be a factor of black shame. I believe that Hurricane Katrina played a part in exposing racism. I feel as if Hurricane Katrina forced racism out into the open. No white person would have expressed any racist concerns prior to Katrina. Katrina basically served as a mental agent for white America, effectively expressing their attitudes towards black America. Also, I believe that if the majority of the population ravaged by Katrina were white they would have been rescued almost immediately if not sooner.The painstakingly long response time to the crisis was evidently showed the amount of concern and sympathy the government had for the blacks of New Orleans. Racism is still alive they are just concealing it. Thousands of blacks in New Orleans depended on the government to rescue them from a antic that they could not control. And additionally the government attempted to relocate the survivors of the incident to remove the poor blacks and replace the area with whites. This illustrated the true intentions of the government.The strife that exists between whites and blacks are so low-key that it takes an act of God to bring it out of the shadows. on that point is no doubt that racism is still alive in America however the extent of racism has definitely lessened over time. I chose to side with Steeles argument because I identify with the argument that blacks and whites have a complex that wont allow them to accept responsibility for their shames. If it were not for Hurricane Katrina, racism may have never been brought into the light.

How Four Rookie Ceos Handled the Great Recession?

How Four Rookie CEOs Handled the Great Recession? 1. exercise the chapter material to decide what different kinds of management challenges these four CEOs faced as they took control of managing their different companies. One of the challenges that they faced was the fadeout. The CEOs had to demonstrate their surpass conceptual skills because starting time during a recession means they had to make drastic changes out front the lodge went under. The new CEOs had to restructure the company to lower operating cost. another(prenominal) challenge was managing a diverse tip overs.How do you train a workforce that spoke different languages and have different work practices and worked overseas? 2. In what kinds of ways did these managers respond to these challenges- for example, in their approaches to planning, leading, organizing and controlling? Donahoe had a strategy to change the customers website and introducing BillMeLater. He led the employees and investors to this vision which paid off. The stocks began to procession again. Mr. Kenney of T Rowe Price made a plan to reduce costs.He took displume and cut back on hiring, advertising and IT. Diane took the recession by the hand and used it to her advantage. Her company had an edge over the leading competitors which at the date would struggle. She revamped the company website and pushed the products overseas. 3. Search the web. How are these managers and their companies currently performing? EBays deception Donahoe was interviewed by jam Stewart of NY Times saying Our multiyear effort is paying off, he said. Profit more than doubled and revenue jumped 23 percent. EBay is revitalized. We believe the best is yet to come. In a stock market struggling with recession fears and the European debt crisis, eBay stock this week hit a six-year high. He says that the insane asylum of the EBay mobile app and the purchase of PayPal has been a great innovation. T. Rowe Prices James Kennedy said in his recent intervi ew for the Baltimore Business Journal, that T. Rowes requital were up in the second quarter. Investors are concerned about the Greece crisis because it go out affect the rest of Europe.Here in the U. S. , he said investors are be rattled by a number of factors unemployment, a sluggish living accommodations market and uncertainty over whether the Affordable Care Act exit drive health care costs higher, and by how much. Diane Irvine of low-spirited Nile has resigned. Blue Nile didnt give a reason why. Peter Swinburn of Molson Brewing Co. , late made a $3. 54 billion dollar deal for the east European beer brewer Starbev. The deal is expected to add to its earnings quickly, starting in the first full year of joint operations.Molson is banking on that growth, with the company paying for the transaction almost entirely through debt. Under the damage of the acquisition, Molson will pay $3 billion in cash and debt and an superfluous $667 million in convertible debt that will be p aid to CVC. References De La Merced , M. (2012, April 03). In starbev deal, molson bets big on growth . The New York Times. Retrieved from http//dealbook. nytimes. com/2012/04/03/in-starbev-deal-molson-bets-big-on-growth/ Haber, G. (2012). T. owe impairment ceo on the global economy, baltimore grand prix . Retrieved from http//www. bizjournals. com/baltimore/news/2012/07/25/t-rowe-price-ceo-on-the-global. hypertext mark-up language? page=all Martinez, A. (2012, NOV 08). Blue nile ceo resigns abruptly 3q profit fall . . Retrieved from http//seattletimes. com/html/businesstechnology/2016718784_bluenile 09. html Stewart, J. (2012, July 27). Nytimes. com. Retrieved from http//www. nytimes. com/2012/07/28/business/ebays-turnaround-defies-convention-for-internet-companies. html? pagewanted=all

Sexism in the Media

What comprises sexism and feminism? Do sexist images in the media throw off an impact on wowork force and girls? And, what argon the broader policy-making issues here? I am hoping that we can reframe the debate around sexism and bleakness in the media in a modality that even ups sense for socialists. Were wholly probably aw atomic number 18 of sexist represendations in the media from innovativespapers and magazines to the movies, TV and radio. For ex group Ale, Rolling gemst adept magazine didnt used to be a soft erotica magazine, scarce it is so rough-cut now for female person musicians to be in soft-porn poses on its cover.Howard down in the mouth, the radio DJ, is always asking his female guests and c entirelyers what they be tiring. Stern focuses heavily on wowork forces physical attri hardlyes for the titillation of his male listeners. We to a fault see some movies each year where the female graphemes atomic number 18 in that location solely to support and grat ify the male characters. Magazines often show exactly pieces of a fair sexhood, such as her legs, or torso so that wo custody argon seen as pieces of a human being, reduced to only body parts, which ar usu on the wholey hyper internalized for male stimulation.The currently popular TV show heroic Housewives has a predominantly female audience, but tends to appeal to male viewing audience with story lines involving the wo manpower in their underwear or locked out of their houses nude. Soft-core pornography is the staple fibre of m any mainstream handss magazines such as Maxim. In the preceding(a) decade the decline of the mass move manpowert, and the capitalists promotion of escapism, has been at the cost of increased degradation of women in the media. Womens MovementWebsters lexicon defines sexism as attitudes or behavior immorald on traditional stereotypes of sexual roles or favouritism or devaluation based on a somebodys sex. According to Websters, this word came into us age in the period of 1965-1970 and was sculpted after the word racism, which itself came into use in the 1865-1870 period, during the revolutionary days of re redoive memory in the South. The timeline of the creation of the word sexism gives us an conception of the dramatic counterchange in the consciousness of women in the 1960s and 70s, which was fillly influenced by the civil rights motion.However for a word with such a short history, a mere 40 years later, capitalism is extending to make women retrieve that sexism no yearner exists. In my research for this introduction, I came across treatment of something termed post-feminism which argues that the old ideas nigh what is sexism and who is a feminist no longer apply. That it is non sexist, but merely ironic, that naked women are used in advertizement such as the TV ad where Nicolette Sheridan from Desperate Housewives dropped her towel in front of a football player to get much men to watch the NFL.The idea is that wo men are now in mis equal of their bodies and that to tendency to the use of a nude muliebrity in an advertisement is in authenticity an attempt to repress that individual chars sexuality, or an stuff and nonsenseisation of prudishness, and not a comment on the growing of women for financial gain. The Repackaging of Sexism & Feminism Feminism is being repackaged and portrayed as a restrictive police force telling women what not to wear, how to have sex and not allowing women to live their personal lives without the constraints of a rigid ideology, as one post-feminist author put it.On the positive side women, and especially young women, are much than confident about their sexuality, but for some women this liberation is expressed through and through the assumption of some of the roles, attitudes and sexual behavior previously more common among men. This is what one so-called feminist writer described as a shift from the old victim feminism to the new-sprung(prenomi nal) power feminism. In fact the shift is away from challenging the old male-dominated status quo and toward determination a place inwardly it.Christine Thomas in her article The stark naked Sexism writes about this shift in feminist intellection. She writes about the recent social movement of the increased acceptance of strip clubs and intersection dancing club convergence dancing, it is argued, is empowering not exploitative be take, when dancers can earn as much as $800 a night, theyre often earn break out money than the men theyre stripping for. As one student told the BBCs interior Out program I work when I want to. I make the amount of money I want to, and if I adoptt feel like it I can quit.No-one is pushing me to do it. But contrast this with the comment of a regular frequenter of lap dancing clubs It makes me feel like a king to be posing there with all these women surrounding me, giving me loads of attention. Nothing shell the thrill of calling a charwoman ov er, sitting her down and lecture to her, knowing that if you give her money she is going to chair all her dress off. Its great to have that kind of condition, that power, and its an ego supercharge to have all girls competing with each other to dance for you. However empowered individual dancers might feel (and of course not all dancers are well paid) lap dancing itself promotes the idea that women are not thinking whole beings but body parts objects available for men to control and enjoy. 1 This new feminism likewise represents a shift from a collective to an individualistic approach to womens equality. If a given woman feels oppressed, feels exploited, or feels demeaned, it is because something is wrong with her. Perhaps she is not aggressive enough or not motivated enough.She has not figured out how to advance within the current system. When women buy into the basic concepts of capitalist coating, the new feminists imply, as many doors entrust open for women as for men and they will no longer be victims. The new post-feminism also argues that the male dominated empire is crumbling and that more women than ever are now in positions of power. However, we know who these powerful women are Margaret Thatcher, Hilary Clinton, and Condoleeza Rice. They actually represent a step backwards for womens equality.Condoleezas promotion to Secretary of State reinforces the illusion that racial and gender discrimination no longer exists and that nonstarter to succeed is only the failure of individuals to take advantage of their opportunities. Her work for the Bush administration is helping to increase the attacks on all workers, women and men, which in turn especially increases the burden economically on women. Her promotion represents no change whatsoever for the status quo and for the reality of works severalise women across the United States. How Equal are We? Women today mollify consistently make less than men for fulltime work in the identical jobs.In s tatistics from 2002, nationally women average 78% of mens even up for all jobs. Among the highest paid professionals (doctors and lawyers) women only make from 58-76% of mens average pay and they make up about a third of the workers in these jobs. On the other hand, those jobs that are predominantly occupied by women such as cashiers or child care workers women make about 95% of mens wages. But the average weekly wage for men and women is rattling low at $250-$300 per week. Also, traditionally unionized jobs like care for and construction have higher average weekly wages and women make about 91% of mens pay. 2However, the developling fact is that in the Bureau of promote Statistics information from 2002, out of hundreds of job categories, there is not a single job where women make more money than men do. There are also a radically higher coincidence of women than men living in poverty in the U. S. For many American women, violence is also a nasty reminder of the inequality in this society. Estimates of non-fatal domestic violence against women range from 1 billion to 4 million a year with nearly 1 in 3 women experiencing a physical assault from a partner in adulthood. Women have a 10 times greater likelihood of being victimized by an intimate than men.Also, 33% of all women murdered are murdered by an intimate partner. In fact the leading cause of death among expectant women is not complications from pregnancy, but murder. 4 The sexist representations of women in the media are a direct reflection of this economic and social inequality. But these images also help oneself to reinforce the lower status of women not only through present us as a commodity to be packaged for mens enjoyment, something to be controlled, but also by directly undermining womens self-esteem and emphasizing the unattainable i circularise of a perfect woman. Up to 80% of American women are issatisfied with their appearance. Much of the marketing of the ideal woman is targeted at women directly. Womens magazines, both(prenominal) in articles and advertisements (and it is often difficult to split the two) carry a lot of ideas about the ideal woman. In admission 1 out of every 3. 8 television commercials carries some descriptor of attractiveness message. 5 Media Images and Girls The American Society of Plastic Surgeons reports that 82% of all cosmetic surgical procedures are performed on women. The most common procedures are liposuction, breast augmentation, nose reshaping and eyelid surgery.In the years from 1992 to 2003 total cosmetic surgical procedures increased by 192% with breast augmentation increasing by 657% and liposuction by 412%. 6 Not only are women reshaping their bodies in character numbers to try and fit some type of female ideal, but girls are influenced by this pressure as well. Some 81% of ten year-old girls are cowardly of being fat and 51% of 9 and 10 year-olds feel better about themselves if they are on a diet. Of normal dieters, a bout 5-6% will progress to partial or full syndrome eating disorders. 7Eating disorders often start for women in their teen and pre-teen years, and represent an extreme attempt to control ones body. It may not seem such a misrepresented priority to young girls to achieve the perfect body through self-punishing starving or vomiting when record numbers of adult women are voluntarily subjecting themselves to invasive surgeries. Now this process is being accelerated and normalized through TV shows such as Extreme Makeovers and The Swan. Here, mostly women are shown going through a series of major cosmetic surgeries.In The Swan a scratch goes to the best makeover. Capitalism sends mixed messages to women that only create anxiety. Their perfect woman is young, thin, and never has acne. However, the unhealthy food big business pushes at us makes this perfect woman even more unattainable. Not only do they profit from interchange us this bad food, but the food itself intimately guarante es that we will need to spend more money on cosmetics, dieting, surgery, or antidepressants if we buy into this ideal woman concept. We cant talk about sexisms effect on women without also iscussing its effect on men who are also damaged by it. From boyhood, men are sent the message that women are here for their pleasure and that they are primarily commodities for their consumption. If this idea is completely internalized, it makes men unable to connect with women in any but the most superficial way, and cuts them off from a deeper understanding of both themselves and women. skilful as the oppression of women has forced women in general to develop a more skillful understanding of human relations, so also male privilege tends to stunt mens relationship skills.Also, for men that have themselves experienced abusive upbringings, it makes them more likely to be trapped into attempting to control women through physical or emotional abuse. Sexism and Capitalisms new Moral Divide In the 1 984 movie, This is spinal Tap the fake documental about an English heavy metal circuit, a female record company executive lets the band members know that they have concerns with the bands album cover. They feel that the image of a naked woman wearing a leash and dogs collar is sexist. Sexy, one of the band members says, whats wrong with being sexy? There is enormous discombobulation today surrounding this difference between what is deemed sexy and what it sexist in the media. The recent media hype around the Janet Jackson breast exposure casualty and the uproar over the NFL commercial I previously cited are examples of how this intelligence is being spun in the media as the relentless sex-oriented focus of popular culture verses the purity of family values. In an era where some women are losing access to work that help them control their bodies reproductively, we are now seeing the control of images of womens bodies as an issue in the media.The new feminists would have us c onceive that the ultimate control of an individual womans body belongs to the woman herself and so the images are not discussed in the context of sexism. The liberals argue that a womans naked body is no big deal and cant we be mature and realize that its however a womans body failing, like the guy from Spinal Tap, to distinguish between sexy and sexism. The family values coalition argues that it is damaging to children to be exposed to nudity and the subject of sex making it appear that any outrage is due to prudishness.The argument goes that these are the opposing interests in the word leaving little voice for most people. Is it possible that this divisive construct is promoted by the media itself to obscure the real issue? The real issue is the exploitation of a womans body and sexuality for the purpose of selling products magazines, TV shows, movies, football games. If we understand it this way, then we have a way to object to the objectification of women without falling into the trap of prudishness.We can condemn CBS and the NFL not for viewing us Janet Jacksons breast, but for exploiting her desire to further her biography and the captive audience of viewers to boost ratings, which in the end makes more advertisement money for them. Capitalism typically creates and exploits divisions for the purpose of undermining working home solidarity. Sexism undermines the solidarity between men and women. By failing to point out capitalisms role in this issue, we can allow a new threat to class solidarity to take root. This non-class based division, created by the media, the so-called object lesson divide. A New Mass Movement The current trends in the media represent a step backwards for women in the battle against sexism and exploitation. This is another facial expression of the global phenomenon, regardless of gender, of working class people being attacked more fiercely by the capitalist class. The current onslaught of sexism, besides undermining class so lidarity, also serves capitalism by expanding markets for diet and beauty products and for surgery. It also represents a huge drain on the resources of an individual woman.With her self-image and self worth foremostver and a day under attack, it is no surprise that some women have fallen into an individualistic, superficial, self-absorption, pass less time fleck to change the workplace and the community. Especially with the failure of working class and womens organizations to fight on concrete issues that are important to women. However, just as in the 1960s, a mass movement gave birth to the womens movement and sexism even started to be talked about, so too a new mass movement of workers that confronts capitalism will also confront sexism. Working class women will be at the fore of such a movement.In fact, women play a key role in many community struggles. LMV has been involved in the Campaign for Renters Rights a direct action group in which women took the leading role in figh ting off Section 8 housing cuts. 8 In the 70s we saw how differently women could be treated in the media with real stories about real women. There was a trend toward increased reality in TV and film including the portrayal of women. In the movie Alice Doesnt Live Here Anymore a working class woman who is a single parent stands up against everyday sexism. The central character is a woman who is strong, funny and insightful.The scarcity of movies like this since the 70s with strong female characters confirms the degeneracy of not only the popular media but of capitalism itself. collectivism, on the contrary, will not only achieve material equality between men and women, but also allow both men and women to better explore their own individuality, and break free of the base superficiality that market capitalism promotes. January 2005References 1 Christine Thomas , The New Sexism, Socialism Today Issue 77 Sept 2003 2 The Bureau of Labor Statistics, Median usual weekly earnings of full- time wage and stipend workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2002 annual averages. Domestic Violence Statistics, rule of Columbia Coalition Against Domestic Violence at www. dccadv. org More stats from issue Domestic Violence Hotline at www. ndvh. org. 4 Kim Curtis, Murder The leading cause of death for pregnant women. Associated Press April 23, 2003 5 National Eating Disorders crosstie at www. nationaleatingdisorders. org 6 American Society of Plastic Surgeons at www. plasticsurgery . org 7 National Eating Disorders Association 8 For more on this struggle see www. laborsmilitantvoice. com

The Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS), the pioneer in soaring technology, was launched by the government of USA for military purposes to guide the missiles and to move targets. The systems before long consist of 31 satellites (as of March 14, 2018) orbiting twice a day in circular motion at an stature of 20,200 km.GPS provides precision in reason the velocity, position and time. Although, it is subsidized and maintained by Department of Defense, the civil users crossways the world use it, at free of cost for various purposes.TechnologyGPS consists of triad segments namely, the satellite or the lay segment, user segment and the control segment.The space segment consists of satellites, the user segment ar the GPS receivers and the control segment helps to observe the satellite operations. There are five control units to monitor the right-hand(a) functioning of the satellites, and they are stationed in Krasnosnamensk (Moscow), Schtscholkowo (Moscow), Komsomolsk (Russia), St. Pe tersburg (Florida) and Ternopil (Ukraine).The location of the user is determined by the line of visibility of four or more satellites and measured by two factors pseudorange and carrier phase. Usually three satellites points to the coordinates of the user and the fourth is for the users measure error. The GPS tracking system which is augmented by Low Earth range (LEO) which is orbiting at an altitude closest to the earths surface provides comprehensive internet glide slope to remote areas even with low intensive users.Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones having integrates sensors and GPS receivers uses multicopter technology to fly and capture photos and videos. The drones are cap fit in identifying objects and eliminateing collisions and quick react to the environmental disturbances like wind, tress, buildings by adjusting their position and movements accordingly. Most importantly, the multicopters construct an automatic landing when there is an interruption of signals.U sesWhen people affected by Dementia or Alzheimers are lost, the GPS tracking device helps to locate the mortal. The devices are available in various forms to wear them as watch or as pendant around the neck or in the soles of blank space and or can be even attached to the clothing of the patient.Apparently, to avoid restricting such people within nursing homes, it maximised the autonomy and saved them from getting lost. Perhaps, these devices not only help to monitor the location of the person but has fall sensors to alert the caregiver in case of an emergency. The drill of drones in live sports telecasting is an added advantage giving stunning views and movements to the spectators.As they are smaller in size and less noisy, the drones are able to manoeuvre and get some closer shots which helps in decision do in the corresponding sport.Materials and MethodsResultsConclusionOver the years, there will be a ikon shift for business running with GPS technologies by Global Navigation beam System (GLONASS) or Galileo.GLONASS was the system developed by the Soviet nub whereas Galileo by the Europe Union (Rizos, 2003). Although, these satellites differ in orbital planes and the altitude from the earth, they provide accurate navigation to the military and the common man. Today, there are several networking and telecommunication companies like St-Ericsson, Qualcomm and Broadcom to offer devices supporting GPS and GLONASS.

Forensic Science Essay

1. How atomic number 18 dismissal videos different than regular criminal offence films for investigators? brush aside scenes are different than regular crime scenes because the evidence that was at the scene of the crime is most likely burned and destroyed, also the individual who pull the crime is not at the crime scene usually. This makes it hard to report together who did it or why. You will also at the same period put on to use a different type of evidence to rear together the crime, instead of the evidence at the scene of the crime.2. What is the blast resultant?The blast effect is the outward rush of gasses from the point of origin of the bomb, it sens be over 7000 miles per hour or 3129.28 meters/s. It is related to Newtons second law because the second law states that the acceleration of an object depends on the net force acting on it.3. What are the two types of postgraduate explosives?The two types of high explosives are ancient and lower-ranking. The differe nce is very slight, primary explosives are easily detonated and are very sensitive to incite and friction, secondary explosives, like tnt or dynamite, are less sensitive to heat and friction. Primary explosives are usually not utilize in homespun bombs, because of their volatile nature.4. What is a substrate control? wherefore is it done? substrate control is an uncontaminated sample of a flammable liquid. It allows Forensic scientists to comparison two samples to see whether a flammable liquid was present at the time.5. How is the evidence from a fervidness scene collected? What should be avoided? recite from a fire scene is collected by being fixed in an air-tight container to prevent the evaporation of flammable liquids. Glass cases as well as clean paint cans with airtight lids. Plastic bags should be avoided because they can produce dangerous gases when they are mixed with flammable liquids.Crit mentation qs1. What do you bring forward would be the most challenging fed eral agency of investigating a fire or explosion crime scene? Why?The most challenging part of investigating a fire or explosion crime scene is probably collecting evidence, this is because on that point really isnt any evidence leave. Also the evidence left usually degrades quickly so forensic scientists usually have to be quick to collect the samples.2. Do you think search warrants should be involve for fire scenes? Why or why not?I do not believe warrants should be required for fire scenes because honestly whats there really left to search, its not like Im going by your house, Im going through a scene of a fire. Although I understand why or so may think you should require a warrant because of the fact that no one likes to be accused of a crime.3. Do you think more countries should adopt the practice of putting color coded chips in explosive materials? Why or why not?I do believe that color coded chips should be used because using color coded chips can help mother crim inals, also it makes it a lot easier to track where the materials go to and if they are used to make a bomb.4. Why do you think crime scenes involving home-baked bombs have increased?I think crime scenes involving homemade bombs have increased because the materials needed to make homemade bombs have been easier to get your turn over on,5. Why do you think the procedures are different from normal crime scenes to those involving fire and explosions? What benefits or challenges are there because of these different procedures?I think the procedures are different from a normal case to one involving fire and explosions, because of the amount of evidence that is left and the how dangerous the sites are even after a fire or explosive has gone off. Some of the benefits are that evidence can be collected faster because of the quicker answer time.

In Broad Daylgith Essay

In Broad Daylight is about Mu Ying, nicknamed experienced Whore. She has affairs with unalike men and is publicly denounced and paraded before the community by the cherry prophylactics who become from another city and happen to fill in her bad name. Her dwarf zori hubby Meng Su tries to rescue her from the public humiliation, only to be humiliated himself by the Red base hits, the spectators and his wife as well. Finally, he is found crushed by a train, and Mu Ying lies only at bus stop, deranged.Written from the point figure of a naive boy, nicknamed White puke, Ha Jin intends to portray through real and au thustic lens a Chinese fair sex with a self-awakening womens liberationist consciousness who stands up for her sexuality. Turning point number one in the story is when the questioning of Mu Ying has started and has to confess her crimes of braggyery with three other men. She then(prenominal) comes to the point where she explains the mite of involveing a cosmos holding her with his stiff weapons very detailed.After Mu Ying describes this feeling of sexual need, a woman who is the mother of beam Hips speaks from the front of the crowd and says You boast your own man, who doesnt lack an arm or a leg. Its wrong to meet others men and to a greater extent wrong to pocket their money (Jin 156). And on this flash Mu Ying is still recovering from a punch of the Red Guards and still replies with a smirk on her face looking down on her married man I have my own man? (Jin 156). My man is nothing. He is no good, I mean in bed. He always comes before I feel anything (Jin 156).As a central focus of the public denunciation, Mu appe ard to be rather calm when she was caught at home. She neither protested nor tell a word, provided followed the Red Guards quietly. In her eyes, these Red Guards were only a group of children. She did not expect that the join forces of the Red Guards and the revolutionary masses in the township would be tremendous en ough to put her in destruction more importantly, she did not think that her behavior had violated any rule or law. When her husband appealed to the Red Guards, she stared at him without a word, and a faint pull a face passed the corners of her mouth.In her yes, the behavior of her impotent husband is pedantic and ridiculous. When the Red Guard asked her why she seduced men and paralyze heir revolutionary will with your materialistic poison (156), she responded rather calmly with a rhetorical question, Ive neer invited any man to my home, have I? (Jin 156). When several women hissed in the crowd, she fifty-fifty tried to persuade them by citing her own experience Sisters, she spoke aloud. totally right, it was wrong to sleep with them. simply you all know what it feels like when you insufficiency a man, dont you? Dont you once in a while have that feeling in your bones? Contemptuously, she looked at the few withered middle-aged women standing in the front row, then closed her eyes. Oh, you want that real man to have you in his arms and let him touch every touch off of your body. For that man alone you want to blossom into a woman, a real woman (Jin 156). As a group of juveniles, White Cat and his companions know little about the adult life. This limitation makes their participation a journey of discovery. When adults burst out express emotion at Mu Yings assertion of her husbands impotence, the teenagers appeared to be puzzled. The discourse between them shows this point clearly Whats that?Whats so odd? Big Shrimp asked ventilate Hips. You didnt fixate it? Bare Hips said impatiently. You dont know anything about what happens between a man and a woman. It authority that whenever she doesnt want him to come close to her he comes. Bad timing. It doesnt sound like that, I said (Jin 157). Obviously, Bare Hips does not know any more than Big Shrimp though his impatient tone tries to conceal this ignorance. Ignorant as he is, Bare Hips makes so bold a s to cry at Mu Ying, Shameless Old Whore (Jin 154). Impossible to perceive, the innocent children are acting the role of accomplice in the public denunciation against Mu.Their thoughts and behaviors manifest the influence they have interpreted from their parents. In this sense, the innocent teenagers have degenerated from lovely angels to dreadful demons. This is a twist point because when the red deems pulled Mu Ying out of her house and started patrolling her through the city avenues to get her to the school yard to sentence her, her husband came running from a street corner begging to let Mu Ying go enjoy dont take her away. Its my fault. I havent disciplined her well. Please give her a change to be a new person. I promise, she wont do it again (Jin 155).And even though I have a feeling Mu Ying does not take the Red guards judging protocol as a serious penalization at that point, once she has confessed everything it all gets to her. That is when she gets the feeling that s he really has humiliated and faded her husband, because she is looking for him afterward she got hit with an ink bottle, only to find that he suddenly left the scene. That is the point she says she does not want to be punish after all and promises to better herself. What I saw as crook point number two becomes clear in the last paragraph, which means I did not see that really as the conclusion.It is the scene where Mu Ying is evasiveness alone at the bus stop, truism Take me home. Oh, help me. Who toilette help me? Where are you? Why dont you come and birth me home (Jin 156). It is a perfect example of You dont know what you have until it is gone. The second train that used its steam horn killed the husband of Mu Ying and made her a widow and truly alone. What I mean with that is that Mu Ying already mat up alone because her man was not good enough for her. This feeling of loneliness combined with her husbands underachieving partly lead to her committing adultery. straight with her husband dead, she finally exactly knows what it in reality means to be alone. But moreover the story clearly shows that her husband saved her live once, after she was scandalised and now he again tries to get her off the hook, by taking the blame. Her grudge against men because of this rape is probably the other part of why she turned to adultery. It is almost portentous to observe that Mu Ying herself is not punished as the Old Whore, where Meng Su did not only try to take the blame, and also gets himself punished like in Old China.While the Red Guards only make her walk down every street saying the words I am an evil monster (Jin 160), instead of burning her alive, Meng Su is beheaded like in the old days. I strongly felt a parallel between the blare of horns announcing the beheading of Mu Yings husband. In Ha Jins story, the rough death of Meng Su, the husband, constitutes an unscheduled event, which brings White Cat and his companions to the violence of the adult world. The public denunciation of Mu Ying was no longer a thrilling scene, but something that touched them to their souls, evoking their introspection or maybe disillusion about the world.Bare Hipss vomiting is a strong signal, indicating the shocking effect that the violence may have brought to him. After the shocking experience, they are no longer innocent adolescences, but adults struggling at the termination of understanding. This whole story turned out like a gruesome, tragical circle of misery and unanswered love to me. I think Meng Su love Mu Ying dearly, but couldnt take her grudge against men away that she got from the rape by the Russians. Imaginably, as a victim of the gang rape, she must have experienced a hard time of being treated with disdain. or else of being hit to death by the accident, she has walked out of the shadow of the belief of chastity, and began to enjoy the pleasure of the flesh as well as frugal benefits brought about by men, the invader of her vir ginity. The bitter time she has experienced has actually hardened her heart and paved the way for her further self-liberation, both physically and spiritually. Meng Su couldnt cope with not saving her from the shame that the Red Guard trial put on her and killed himself, leaving his beloved Mu Ying really alone and helpless at the bus stop.

Managerial Finance Essay

ASSIGNMENTBMMF5103MANAGERIAL FINANCE15 July 2013QUESTION 1a) Maximizing stockholder wealth is a moral imperative for fiscal manager mover managers be supposed to work for stockholders who are the real(a) knowledgeers of a f prizernity or com scoreisontnership. Shareholders elect go with directors who in enactment hire managers to run the f localisernity on day to day floor with the view to harbor attain for the fellowship. Managers are paid for their services evidenceed to the company whereas the dispenseholders own the company. As much(prenominal) morally managers should pursue policies that enhance shareholder esteem with the primary objective foc applyd on stockholder wealth maximization.b) Managers make key day-to-day decisions to maximize shareholder economic value. But how do the owners of a phone line know that managers are ope proportionalitynal to maximize shareholder value? This lack of information is known as the principal-agent problems. The agent perf orms the tasks on shareholders behalf yet the shareholders cannot ensure that the agent performs precisely the way the shareholders would like.Agency be as link to a corpoproportionn refers to the make ups of preventing agents (e.g. managers) pursuing their own raises at the expense of shareholders. There might be conflicts mingled with shareholders and the company managers. Shareholders who are owners want the managers to make decisions which exit join on the share value. Managers who be pose salaries prefer to expand the railway line with the view to increase their salaries which may not necessarily increase the share value. Thus, agency costs tend to slack the value of a corpoproportionn beca practice session the rising costs make the share footing low when at that place is substantial debt involved. Costs of monitoring willing increase and thus reduce wealth maximization of shareholders.c) Business morality is the acceptable institute of moral values and corpo fo otstep standards of conduct in running a business organization. It includes proper business policies and practices such(prenominal) as corpo locate governance, as a check against insider trading, bribery, discrimination and covers corpo pasture companionable responsibility and fiduciary responsibilities. Business ethics is a basic simulation providing proper conduct, it may be guided by law or put in placeso as to gain public confidence and acceptance.An framework of business ethics is when an employee lie to a potential client to get him to sign for services or purchase the product offered.Business ethics is important to a corpo proportionalityn because it will determine its reputation. It will retain public confidence towards the corpo symmetryn. It is essential for the long-term survival and success of the can in business. Implementing an ethical program will foster a successful corporation culture, values and enhanced profit susceptibility. Business ethics will also infl uence the way the corporations conduct its business and affect all including customers, employees, suppliers, competitors, etc.d) Advantagesi) There is no maturity stream in familiar stock. Thus, eliminating proximo re giftment obligation and enhances the desirability of park stock financing. ii) There is no obligation for refundment of the funds. Instead, there are others to share the peril of the business investment with. Since there is no debt obligation, there is no finance fee. iii) issuing common stock can increase unfalterings borrow power.The more common stock is stir, the larger the familys rightfulness base. Therefore, the more easily and cheaply long-term debt financing can be obtained. iv) Once capital is raised through stock, the corporation is free to use the proceeds in any way it pleases.Disadvantagesi) Involves high cost.It may be the most expensive form of long-term financing. Dividends are not tax-deductible and common stock is a riskier  guaran tor than either debt or best-loved stock.ii) potential effects of dilution on earnings and voting power. When a company or corporation issues more shares, its pecuniary results must be divided by a larger number of shares, causing dilution. This is because make outing of shares of the company means giving each investor a piece of self-command. Because they own the share of the company, the investors drop the right to demand explanations and justifications for business decisions.iii) Market perception that management think. instruction issues involve examining perceptions about management and perceptions by management. It includes various judgments regarding the competence of period and future management team as well as issues related to insider buying such as future strategies to increase operations and food market share.When management makes large purchases of their own stock with private funds, investors may get that the company is undervalued or that a favorable company event will occur soon.e) The three main users of ratio outlinei) OwnersThe owners of a firm are mainly careed in the firms profitability, fluidness and hence survival. Therefore, they need financial ratios to test the performance of their company such as profitability ratios to find outwhether management is able to convert gross tax dollars into profits and cash flow. The common ratios are gross allowance account, operating boundary line and net income edge. The gross beach is the ratio of gross profits to gross revenue. The operating margin is the ratio of operating profits to sales and net income margin is the ratio of net income to sales. The overtake-on-asset ratio, which is the ratio of net income to positive assets, measures a companys effectiveness in deploying its assets to generate profits. The return-on-investment ratio, which is the ratio of net income to shareholders equity, indicates a companys ability to generate a return for its owners. These ratios are use ful to owners of companies.ii) CreditorsCreditors are interested in a firms ability to dedicate their debts over a short period of time.The ratio analysis will evaluate the firms liquidity position. Creditors use liquidity ratio, which is the ratio of current assets to current liabilitiestogauge the ability of the company to pay its short-term bills. A ratio of greater than one is usually a minimum because anything less(prenominal) than one means the company has more liabilities than assets.iii) solicitudeManagement team comprising financial managers regularly use ratio analysis to evaluate financial policies and decisions they pick out made. It is the overall responsibilities of the management team to make sure available resources are apply most effectively and efficiently and that the financial positions of the company is sound.Management uses profitability ratios to analyze the companys ability to convert sales dollars into profits and cash flow. For example, the return- on-investment ratio, which is the ratio of net income to shareholders equity, indicates a companys ability to generate a return for its owners.Examples of ratio formulaExample 1 rough margin ratioGross edge =Gross ProfitgrossGross profit and revenue figures are obtained from the income statement of a business. Alternatively, gross profit can be figure by subtracting cost of goods sold from revenue. Thus gross margin formula may be re verbalize as Gross Margin =Revenue Cost of Goods SoldRevenueExample 2 Operating margin ratioOperating income is same as earnings beforehand interest and tax. Operating income and revenue figures is available from the income statement of a company. Operating Margin =Operating IncomeRevenueQUESTION 2a) There are fiver different categories of financial ratios. They arei) Liquidity ratio is used to measurecompanys ability to pay its short-term debt obligations. As such, they focus on the firms current assets and current liabilities on the balance shee t.The most common liquidity ratios used is the current ratio mainly to give an base of the companys ability to pay back its short-term liabilities such as debt and account payables with its short-term assets such as cash, fund and receivables.ii) Debt ratio is used to measure companys ability to meet its long-term debt obligations. The ratio indicates what proportion of debt a company has relative to its assets. The measure gives an idea to the leverage of the company along with the potential risks the company faces in terms of its debt-load.iii) fiscal leverage ratio measure the extent to which a business or investor is using the borrowed money. A company having high leverage is considered to be at risk of bankruptcy in the event the company is unable to regress the debts. The most common financial leverage ratio is the debt-to-equity ratio calculated as total debt divided by shareholders equityiv) Asset talent or disturbance ratios measure the efficiency a company uses its as sets to heighten sales. The most common asset efficiency ratios are the inventory upset ratio, the receivables turnover ratio, the days sales in inventory ratio, the days sales in receivables ratio, the net working capital ratio, the fixed asset turnover ratio, and the total asset turnover ratio.v) The profitability ratios measure the companys ability to generate aprofit and an adequate return on assets and equity. The ratios measure how efficiently the firm uses its assets and how effectively it manages its operations. An example is the Net profit margin ratio is a ratio of profitability calculated as after-tax net income (net profits) divided by sales (revenue). It shows the amount of each sales dollar left over after all expenses have been paid.Limitations of financial ratiosi) Although financial ratios can be effective tools for gauging financial performance and managerial effectiveness, they rarely provide answers. balances will not say why something is departure wrong and what to do about a particular situation they provided pinpoint where a problem is.ii) There is no international standards on the use of financial ratios. Limitation of ratios interpretation emerges when a particular set of ratios of a company is compared to other company or business. For example, for calculating the inventory turnover one company may use the cost of goods sold as the numerator, darn another may use its sales figures. A company may use the operating profit to calculate its total assets turnover, while another may use the net income after taxes.iii) bench mark for assessing companys financial position is needed. Different operating methodologies may be employed to run a company may render the comparison of financial ratios ir applicable. Example, a company prefers to lease most of its assets while another company may own them. Thus, some of the ratios, such as debt to total assets, fixed-charge coverage, total assets turnover, and return on total assets, would be unr elated.iv) The rising prices factor can make the ratio of a particular company look good or bad. Inventory turnover may have deteriorated over a three-year period the problem may not receivable to the increase in physical inventory, but rather, to increase in the cost of the goods.b) Effect of an increase in a companys debt ratio to its return on equity.An increase on debt-ratio will be increase in the return of equity. If a company finances itself through debt, the creditors elevate the risk. If the debt results in increased earnings, the return on shareholder investment is exponential. kernel liabilities include both the current and non-current liabilities. The formula to calculate the debt ratio is Debt Ratio = amount LiabilitiesTotal AssetsReturn on Equity is expressed as a percentage and calculated asROE = Net Income/ common Equityc) Long-term interest rate = (RM13,000,000) (8/ snow) = RM1,040,000 Short-term interest rate = RM1,300,000 RM1,040,000 = RM260,000 Short-term i nterest rate = RM260,000/RM1,546,000 = 0.168Rate of interest on notes payable is 16.8%d) Changes in value of equity (in millions)(RM in millions)Shareholders beginning equity537Shareholders endpoint equity485Difference beginning & ending equity52Net income128Less Paid dividends57Difference71 livestock/shares purchased in the year (52+71)123Shares purchased throughout the year is RM123 millione) If the current ratio of corporation is 5.65 when industry average is 1.42, this disparity means that the corporation is havingi) an superfluity build-up in inventory. When the corporation holds a high level of inventory, it ties up business funds that could have been used in other areas such as in development or marketing. The cost of the inventory is not corned by the corporation until it sells the inventory.ii) aged account receivables which is the amounts owed to the company by its customers. The corporations account receivables reports will rate problems with receivables management process and identify accounts that require collection action.QUESTION 3a) Although ownership of stock re registers ownership in a company, not all stock is created equal. Therefore there are two basic types of stock common stock and preferable stock. favourite(a) stock is sometimes referred to as a hybrid security because it has features of common stocks and adherences. A companys preferred stock trades respectively of its common stock and offers preferred stockholders a different set of benefits. Preferred stocks paid amount of dividends just as fixed interest alliance. It is not debt but equity like common stocks.b) Preferred stock par value of RM100 with annual dividend 10%. Annual rate of return is 11.5%. i) RM100 X10/100% = RM10.Yield of 11.5%11.5%/100 = 0.115= RM86.96ii) As the risk-free rate increases, the required rate of return will increase and the price will drop. When grade increase, the price of the preferred stock will likely fall. If price falls, the issuer wi ll likely call the preferred stock and replace it with a new preferred stock issue at a start rate, conventional debt, or perhaps even common stockc) RM4.63(1+0.05)/(0.12-0.05) = 4.8615/0.07 = 69.46The value of the companys stock if the required rate of return is 12% is RM69.46d) Before dislodge in price per share, r =5% + (8% -5%) beta 1.3 = 8.9%After swop in price per share, r = 4% + (10% 4%) 1.5 = 13%Therefore, the neuter in price per share is RM4.87e) Formula for constant growth is rs = r RE + (rm rRE)b= 6% + 5% (1.4) = 13%2013 = RM0 dividen2015 = RM1.002016 = RM1.00 (1.2) = RM1.202017 = RM1.00 RM1.442018 = RM1.00 RM1.7282019 = RM1.00 RM1.849Calculate growth between constant rate=The price of the stock is RM20.16QUESTION 4a) needfully RM40,000/year during retirement periodn = 10 yrs, i = 9 %PVA = PMT (PVIFA) = RM40,000 (9.129) = RM365,160PV = RM365,160 (0.422) = RM154,097.52The Mirians should deposit RM154,097.52b) Model A PV = PMT (PVIFA) = RM5,000 (3.993) = RM19,965Mode l B social classPayment (RM)PVIFPV17,0000.9266,48226,0000.8575,14235,0000.7943,97044,0000.7352,94053,0000.6812,043Total20,577I would purchase/buy type A because it is cheaper by RM612 compared to model B.c) Which option to be chosen?Option 1PMT = RM3,500/2.487 = RM1,407,318.05Option 2PMT = RM3,500/3.102 = RM1,128,304.32Option 3PMT = RM3,500/3.605 = RM970,873.79The company should choose option 3 because write down by RM157,430.53 compared to option 2 which is second lowestd) Present value is exact invest of the compound interest computations. Applying compound interest calculation is to find the future value of a present amount. Using the present value calculation a present value amount is tack together to be received in future.e) Over certain period the article of belief amount increases as a result of the installment payments resulting in lower amount of interest that is charged by the bank.QUESTION 5a) When an investor buys a hold, the investor is lending money to the mystify issuer, which could be a government, corporation, etc. The issuer promises to pay a specified rate of interest during the life of the bond and to repay the principal, also known as face value or par value of the bond, when it matures, or comes payable after a set period of time. Thus bonds provide interest payment and principal payment. Payment of interest is done annually or semi-annually. Coupon payments are paid periodically. When bond matures a principal gibe is paid which is a lump sum payment.b) Bond prices and interest judge are related. Interest rates and bond prices have inverse relationship, when one goes up, the other goes down. If interest rates is high abundant, bond prices would fall. If interest rates is low, bond prices would rise. Prices of short-term bonds do not fluctuate more often compared to long-term bond. Premium bond is sold when the stated rate of interests exceed the required rate of return.Example, if rates dropped to below original coupon rate o f 7% for RM1,000 bond, it would be priced at a premium since it would be carrying a higher interest rate than what was currently available in the market. A bond will sell at a discount when the stated rate of interest is less than the required return. Bond is sold equal to the par value when the stated rate of interest is equal to the required return.c) Param does not have enough money to buy 10 bonds if the required rate of return is 9%. This is because the required rate of return which is 9% is less than the coupon rate of the bond which is 10%. The price of the bond is greater than the par value of RM1,000. Considering there are 10 bonds, the total price is greater than RM10,000. That is the tenableness why Param would not have enough money to buy the 10 bonds.d) FV = RM1,000PMT =150N = 10PV = RM1,2501/YR = 10.79%e) Interest rate risk is the risk of decline in bond values due to the increase in interest whereas reinvestment risk is the risk of an income decline due to a drop in interest rates. Bond holders who bought long-term bond is greatly at risk to the interest rate risk.QUESTION 6a) (RM18+RM4+RM3+RM2-RM24)/24 X 100% = 12.5%.Therefore, Billie jeans realized rate of return during the three years holding period is 12.5%b) (i) express 18 + 0.8 (12 8) = 11.2%Stock 28 + 1.2 (12 8) = 12.8%Stock 38 + 0.6 (12 8) = 10.4%(ii) Stock 3 is undervalued due since E (R) RRc) genus Beta is the measurement for market risk which is non-diversifiable. The risk must be dealt with by the portfolio manager. Diversifiable risk should be modify away by portfolio manager so that it would not pose a problem to the investment. As such all market risks is all relevant to the portfolio manager since it is his job and responsibility in balancing the likely risk and return.d) The situation suggest that investors are more risk adverse compared to before the shift taking place. On the portfolio, a risk premium of 11% (16% 5%) is required whereas previously 10% (15% 5%). If slop e were to change downward, it means investors are less aversion to risk.e) Expected return 0.9(12%) + 0.1 (20%) = 12.8%Beta 0.9(1.2) + 0.1(2.0) = 1.28%