What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About Yale Supplement Essay Samples

What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Yale Supplement Essay Samples Employing an acceptance calculator will help you discover your likelihood of getting into the schools on top of your list so that you learn how to up your odds. The applicant has to apply with the confidence which he or she's completely capable of performing at the maximal level in the business of different students attending the college while having to think about the reality that at places including Yale, 93% of applicants won't be offered admission. The entire procedure of applying to college is tricky from the beginning. Students commonly want to understand what portion of the college application carries the most weight. There are a lot of books that purport to provide an advantage in seeking admission. If you select a topic that numerous students write about, then you must write about how YOUR experience with that activity differs from several other students. Explain the times it was difficult to stay committed. Begin work on those essays early, and don't hesitate to ask your parents, teachers and friends to supply constructive feedback. What's Truly Going on with Yale Supplement Essay Samples The reality is, there are lots of parts to your program, and together they help us discover and appreciate your specific mix of qualities. In terms of structure, 500 words isn't a lot of room, so it ought to be used wisely. Just don't forget that 100 words isn't lots of space, so you might be in a position to express more in the event that you choose one subject rather than three. Bear in mind, every applicant utilizing the Coalition or Common Application must answer all essay prompts, which means yo u don't get to select which essay you'd like to write. Luckily, you get to pick from three prompts within this section. With this requirement, the committee would like to find that you're a fantastic writer. Once more, don't write what you believe the application committee wishes to read. Every essay should incorporate every honor or prize you've ever won. As stated by the Yale website, It isn't important which topics you decide on, provided that they are meaningful to you. Before beginning writing your response to this essay prompt, you ought to know exactly why you need to attend Yale. Looking at Why Yale'' essay examples may also help, even though they are not simple to find. Essays ought to be poignant. The Yale essays cover a wide selection of topics. This essay gives a terrific place to allow the committee see a side of you that doesn't have anything to do with academics. Don't attempt to emulate what you feel the committee would like to hear or attempt to act like someone you're not. It is a great idea to inform your story because the admission essay is just the way for you to speak to the admission committee without facing them. Remember that Yale isn't asking you to select your suitemates, yet to consider what suitemates will enhance your experience. Yale Supplement Essay Samples Fundamentals Explained It is wise to look for the one which has a great reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive prices. Once you choose a topic, make sure that you go into detail about WHY it's so important to you. As soon as you've thought of an overall topic, get online and look up a number of articles about the difficulties. Papers of yale supp lement to give insight in your application essay online. Where to Find Yale Supplement Essay Samples Regarding topics, you can definitely use an extracurricular activity, though in the event you do, you need to try to highlight a less-prominent activity on your resume. Even in a 35-word reply, it's still much better to show as opposed to tell. Perhaps you speak another language. Yale Supplement Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! Writing an excellent short answer takes a good deal of wordsmithing, so be ready to devote a terrific deal of time tooling, trimming, and scrapping your drafts. If you're applying for this program, odds are you have an extremely real idea about what an engineering degree means with respect to undergraduate study and career opportunities. Not altogether different from the sphere of special operations, where the work should be done, irrespective of weather or private feelings. His hard work certainly paid. The Number One Question You Must Ask f or Yale Supplement Essay Samples Here you are able to show off all of your nerdy school-related passions with abandon. Although it could be unrealistic to select a major before you enter college, there's absolutely no harm in expressing what excites you at this time. Less is more heredon't be scared to only list one particular interest. In the end, everything matters. The cost of an essay rides on the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. You need to find a balance between showing your genuine interests as well as showing your very best self to colleges. True commitment appears to require some quantity of self-sacrifice, or putting of oneself in danger in some capacity. The physical procedure for pregnancy is an extremely sacred event for a woman.

Losing a Loved One in Shoeless Joe Jackson by W.D....

Sometimes the biggest tragedy in someones life is loosing a loved one. The tragedy of this event can be amplified if youre last words are bad or if there is something you forgot to tell them or meant to tell them. There are many books that are write about this theme, for example In the book Shoeless Joe Jackson by W.P. Kinsella, the main character Ray Kinsella is trying desperately to reconnect with his dead father and is willing to put his reputation and financial security at risk for the opportunity to reconnect with his father as well as put his sanity up for question. In the book Shoeless Joe Jackson Mr Kinsella owns a piece of farm land on which he decides to build a baseball field. He does this because he hears a†¦show more content†¦... are you kidnapping me? this quote shows that in the process of doing what the voices tell him to do he travels across the US to pursue a man he has never met before, kidnap him and then take him to a baseball game. He will do all of this because he hopes that it will lead to his father coming to play baseball. This is one of the most questionable things he does and it puts him in serious risk of absolutely ruining his life and reputation by being sent to jail for kidnapping. This shows just how far Ray is willing to go to reconnect with his father. A third example of Ray Putting his reputation on the line is when ray decides to spend a large amount of money on something he does not really need like a tractor even tho he may not be able to pay his bills. this is stated when Ray says to Eddie. page 19 5 Eddie Still Carps About the $4000 I spent on the tractor this quot shows us that he is discussing the 4000 dollars he spent on this tractor with one of his neighbors and his neighbor apologizing for selling it to him when he kinda knew he could not afford making the decision look like a stupid one to all of his neighbors. This shows that he is no way trying to impress anyone which will cause him to lose his respect. So in these quotes you can see how important this is to him and that he is very desperately trying to reconnect with his father and his reputation is less important. Ray Kinsella does many things in the attempt to

Alma College Admissions - ACT Scores, Financial Aid...

Students applying to Alma do not need to worry about submitting letters of recommendation or an application fee. The schools acceptance rate was 68% in 2016; with good grades and decent test scores, students have a good chance of getting in. Of course, any extracurricular activities, job experiences, and honors courses are also helpful. Interested applicants are encouraged to visit the school and meet with an admissions counselor. Admissions Data (2016): Alma College Acceptance Rate: 68 percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Alma AdmissionsTest Scores -- 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 420  / 590SAT Math: 460  / 593What these SAT numbers meanCompare top Michigan colleges SAT scoresACT Composite: 21 / 26ACT English: 21  / 26ACT Math: 21 / 26What these ACT numbers meanCompare top Michigan colleges ACT scores Alma College Description: Alma College is a private, Presbyterian  liberal arts college  located in Alma, Michigan, about an hour north of Lansing. Alma prides itself on the personal attention its students receive. With no graduate students (and thus no graduate instructors), a 12 to 1 student / faculty ratio, and an average class size of 19, students at Alma have a lot of interaction with their professors. For its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences, Alma College was awarded a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa. The college also embraces its Scottish heritage, evidenced by its kilt-wearing marching band and annual Scottish games. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 1,451  (all undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 42  percent male / 58 percent female95  percent full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $37,310Books: $800 (why so much?)Room and Board: $10,238Other Expenses: $2,265Total Cost: $50,613 Alma College Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100 percentLoans: 95 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $26,926Loans: $8,555 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Communication Studies, Elementary Education, English, Health Professions, Music, Psychology Retention and Graduation Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 67 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 56 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 67 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Track and Field, Tennis, Wrestling, Lacrosse, Soccer, Golf, Baseball, Basketball, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Bowling, Basketball, Swimming, Tennis, Track and Field, Volleyball, Softball, Cross Country Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Alma College Mission Statement: mission statement from http://www.alma.edu/about/mission Alma College’s mission is to prepare graduates who think critically, serve generously, lead purposefully, and live responsibly as stewards of the world they bequeath to future generations.

Adolf Marx A Central Concern For The Young Karl Marx Essay

â€Å"Alienation‟ was a central concern for the young Karl Marx. Discuss the dimensions of this alienation in connection to Marx’s critique of capitalist society and comment on the contemporary relevance of this concept. Karl Marx is a critically renowned, prolific and revolutionary figure amongst historic academia and is considered to be one of the three founding fathers of Sociology. Working throughout the 19th century Marx’s work included the theory of ‘alienation’. Born in Germany, young Marx was raised amidst the French revolution (1830) and was witness to the likings of the revolutionary workers’ movement in England (1832). Marx began to study law in 1835 where he promptly joined the ‘Young Hegelian’ movement, which strove to challenge the societal establishments of the time. Marx’s personal study focused on Hegel’s philosophy in 1837, and he graduated with a Doctoral degree of philosophy in 1841; from then on, Marx became a bold journalist and copious theorist challenging the everyday. Hegel’s influence stuck with Marx throughout his career, both in support and critique, Marx replaced Hegels idealism with naturalism, hence the birth of Marx’s ‘historical materialism’ (Wood 1981: 29). Marx took Hegels theories and suggested that rather than understanding ideas, we should strive to understand history. Through Hegel’s theories, Marx learnt of the natural inclination humans have towards the activity and production of goods, and the intrinsic importance of producing.Show MoreRelatedThe History Of European Dictators From The 1900s Essay2539 Words   |  11 Pagesplanning to assassinate Emperor Alexander III. At this time, both Lenin’s father and brother were dead, forcing Lenin to become the man of the household. After immersing himself in a multitude of radical literature and after absorbing the writing of Karl Marx, Lenin declared himself a Marxist in 1889. Lenin was expelled from his university for his radical policies, forcing him to complete his law degree as an external student. Lenin eventually received his law degree in 1892. He moved from his home inRead MoreSociology and Other Sciences7090 Words   |  29 Pagesalso deal with society but the only difference is that social anthropology mainly considers small states and their culture but their area of studies is basically the same. Sociology and political science are also related in the sense that they both concern the welfare of people in a society. Political science basically deals with the distribution of power and the exercise of power, democracy, dictatorship, and communism, how people vote etc. History is another social science which is related to sociologyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe Long Twentieth Century Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown M igration is a basic feature of the human species. Along with mutation and natural selection, it is one of the three basic mechanisms of human evolution. The movement of primates in central Africa gave birth to the first hominids some 5 million years ago. Movement made possible the appearance of every hominid species since then, including our own some 150,000 years ago, and the spread of Homo sapiens from our African cradle to everyRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuleyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesactivities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney

The Limitations Of Research Methods - 1155 Words

The limitations of the research methods used in the investigation were not taken account in the popular report. My primary source used an experiment approach. They were looking at the kind of languages they were exposed to prenatally to the types of languages they prefer after they are born; the languages used in this experiment were Chinese, English, and Tagalog. Infants were tested using high- amplitude sucking preference procedure, which capitalizes on newborns’ sucking reflex. The popular report does not even mention this. The popular report mentions how if newborns are interested to a certain language they turn their gaze or pay attention more but nothing about sucking. The results also only focus on three languages in the primary†¦show more content†¦Hypotheses stated in the main article is whether or not the same initial perceptual biases and early learning mechanisms that underlie monolingual acquisition operate in the bilingual neonate to propel bilingual ac quisition. Important characteristics of the participants in the research is that 30 newborn infants (0-5 days old), half from monolingual English backgrounds and half from bilingual Tagalog- English backgrounds for the first part of the experiment. For the second part of the experiment 14 infants (neonates), whose mothers spoke both English and Chinese regularly during pregnancy, were tested for their preference for Tagalog versus English. Research questions did no address age- related changes in the main report. Research methods used in this investigation were self reports to whether or not the mother spoke another language, a sucking instrument to collect data; sentences of either English or Tagalog were also presented to the infants. Major findings are that 1. Monolingual English infants were significantly less interested in Tagalog bilinguals did not show a significant preference for either English or Tagalog and 2. Chinese bilingual neonates did not show an outright preference for ei ther English or Tagalog. These infants did show a pattern of preference distinct from that of either English monolingual or Tagalog bilinguals.

Historical Cost Versus Fair Value Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Historical Cost Versus Fair Value Accounting. Answer: Introduction The selection between the fair value and historical cost accounting turned out to be increasingly debated concern within the accounting literature. Additionally, the standard structure for international financial reporting (after IASB framework) along with AASB framework cannot decide a particular base of measurement to consider the major aspects considering IASB framework based financial reports (Christensen et al. 2013). Particular measurement techniques for several accounting aspects are offered in particular international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Rather than most of the accounting standards, IFRS offers a free choice between the fair value and historical cost accounting non-financial asset groups including plant and equipment (PPE) and intangibles. This resulted in several changes in the PPE and valuation practice based variations (Missonier-Piera and Franck 2007). One consideration that increases the chances of debate is very forces of market despite of regulators d etermine less evidence on selection between the two accounting practices at the time selection. The paper will consider a quasi-experiment present in current necessary implementation of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The objective of the paper is to distinguish between the historical cost and fair value accounting for certain non-financial assets namely PPE (plat, property, and equipment) and intangibles. Theory of Historical Cost and Fair Value Accounting Historical cost is understood as actual cost that is known to be the real amount or certain other equivalents at the time of acquiring along with making several resources and properties. Considering the historical cost, the cost of an asset mentioned in the balance sheet is relied on its original and nominal cost at the time any company is acquired. Moreover, the liability amount is deemed actual receipts or payments due to current obligations (IASB Framework, IAS 16, IAS 38, and IFRS 13. 2015). In certain circumstances, liabilities and assets are indicated at their historical cost due to the reason that no change is observed in the value from the date of companys acquisition. In contrast, in some situations, the value of balance sheet for several items might be distinct in comparison to the actual value. Particularly, for the non-financial assets, GAAP just facilitates just the historical cost accounting and on the other hand, UK GAAP can facilitate PPE or necessitates fair value ac counting for investment property (AASB Framework, AASB 116, AASB 138, and AASB 13. 2015). However, under IFRS historical cost is facilitated for investment property and PPE and in case, active market is present for intangibles. Reliability is also deemed major dimension based on which historical cost generally dominates fair value. Fair Value Accounting Fair value can be understood to be price that can be attained for selling an asset or paid in order to transmit a liability in an efficient and well maintained transaction among the market participants at measurement date (IFRS 13) (Australian Securities Exchange 2015). In addition to that, fair value is deemed as unbiased and reasoned anticipation of likely market price for any service, product or an asset. In contrast, it requires taking into account certain important factors such as: Real utility at a decided development level of social productive capacity Acquisition cost, costs associated with close substitutes and replacement costs The demand along with supply within the market An organization that chooses the fair value should revaluate assets all the time, the book value is distinct from market value (IAS 40 and IAS 16) (New York Stock Exchange, 2015). An organization that selects historical cost might not conduct upward revaluation in the upcoming years. Switch among the fair value and historical cost is deemed as change in accounting principles and requires being justified to the lenders, auditors, equity investors along with the regulators. Historical Cost and Fair Value Accounting Benefits and Challenges- PPE and Intangibles The initial measurement cost of a property aspect along with plant and equipment must be measured at expense that is the real amount from the acquisition date. From the measurement that is in accordance with the preliminary recognition there are two major accounting models namely revaluation and cost models (London Stock Exchange 2015). An organization must select between fair value model and cost model for IP capacity along with initial recognition. Considering the fair value model, losses or gains taking place from transformation in the fair value of IP can be encompassed within net loss or profit considering the time in which it takes place. Fair value accounting model indicates that fair value accounting offers important measures of assets, liabilities along with provided historical costs (Linsmeier 2013). This indicates the incapability of historical cost accounting model for addressing for dealing with impact of non-monetary assets of altering prices. Several fair value accounting critics stated that estimates of fair value decrease dependibility. Considering the same historical cost has several benefits those are recognizable and has increased independence and it focuses on the dealings those are involved in the company other than hypothetical alternatives (Christensen and Nikolaev 2013). Certain disadvantages and advantages of fair value accounting for PPE and intangibles are mentioned under: Suitable Valuation- The major benefits of fair value accounting offers suitable liability and asset valuation on continuous manner to users of organizations reported financial data. At the time asset and liability price is increased or anticipated to increase, the organization considers asset or liability value to recent market price to indicate the things those can be received if it sold asset might have to pay for relieving itself from liability (Liang and Riedl 2013). However, an organization marks down an asset or liability value decreases net income. Real Income- Fair value accounting decreases capability of companies for potential manipulation of mentioned net income. At times, management might indicate increased sale of assets. Such as, using sales losses or gains for decreasing or increasing net income as indicated at a particular time. Employing fair value accounting, losses or gains from certain price changes for assets or liabilities are presented over the time in which they take place (Ball, Li and Shivakumar 2013). An increase in value for asset or liability decrease is associated to net income, asset value reduction or liability value increase can decrease net income. Value Reversal- Fair value accounting can represent issues to companies and of reported financial data users. Market conditions based on which the assets and liabilities are traded might constantly change turning out volatile sometimes. Implementing fair value accounting, firms can reevaluate recent value of PPE and intangibles in turbulent market conditions that can generate huge swings in assets and liabilities value (Watts and Zuo 2016). After stabilization of markets, changes in value reverse to prior normal levels leading to any losses or temporary gains that that indicate fair value accounting has offered several misleading information. Market Impacts- Implementation of fair value accounting might affect down market adversely. For instance, after an asset was revalued downward due to decrease in recent market trading price, decreased asset value can result in increased asset sale at very less price. Devoid of valuation market down needed by fair value accounting, companies cannot feel the need for selling asset within down market for dealing with downward asset valuation (Ellul et al. 2015). Lack of additional selling pressures, market might stabilize with time that can preserve asset value. Identification of Valuation Practices for PPE and Intangibles Tesco Company is positioned among one of the profitable retail companies in London. From analysis of the accounting policy section of the companys yearly report it was gathered that the company follows fair value accounting based valuation techniques. Tesco Company is observed to follow fair value accounting based on IFRS standard and UK accounting standards (Demerjian, Donovan and Larson 2016). This explains that the intangibles and PPE valuation for Tesco Company is done through fair value accounting technique. At the time fair value is implemented, alterations in asset value are mentioned within revaluation reassure that includes fraction of shareholders equity. As per IFRS, selection of valuation technique needs to be reliable for every asset classes. Valuation Practices of Wal-Mart Company Wal-Mart Company is positioned among one of the profitable retail companies in USA. From analysis of the section of accounting policy of the companys yearly report it was gathered that the company follows fair value accounting based valuation techniques. It was gathered that the financial statements of the company are prepared along with that PPE and intangibles in accordance with Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) (Ramanna 2013). Moreover, impairment losses are valued within the companys financial statements in the financial asset or group of financial assets. Wal-Mart Company follows IFRS 9 financial instruments standard that considers new requirement for the segmentation of financial asset and liabilities valuation. At the time fair value is implemented, positive alterations in asset value are mentioned within revaluation reassure that includes fraction of shareholders equity (Durocher and Gendron 2014). Managers gain incentives for considering effective valuation choices that i ndicate the company stakeholders interest. It can be stated that GAAP and IFRS are identical in consideration to PPE valuation. Valuation Practices of Woolworth Company Woolworth Company is positioned among one of the profitable retail companies in Australia. From analysis of the accounting policy part of the companys yearly report it was gathered that the company follows fair value accounting based valuation techniques. Woolworth Companys valuation is conducted in consideration to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) (Chen, Tan and Wang 2013). Several IFRS amendments were implemented during the recent year that has less impact on the companys reported results. Accounting policy based on fair value accounting on the impairment of non-financial assets for such process. The carrying amount for the companys assets rather than goodwill, associates, inventories and deferred tax assets is reviewed under all the statements of financial position for any impairment indication (Chircop and Novotny-Farkas 2016). The financial statements of the company are observed to be aligned with the accounting policies using sales losses or gains for decreasi ng or increasing net income as indicated at its desired period. Employing fair value accounting or gains from certain price changes for assets are presented over the time this occurs. Value increase for asset or liability decrease contributes to net income, asset value reduction or liability value increase can affect net income (Bowen and Khan 2014). Valuation Practices Consistency for PPE and Intangibles IFRS needs that companies must reveal their valuation practices within the accounting policy part of the yearly reports along with applying selected method with time. Despite conceptual fair value appeal, the expenses of maintaining reliable anticipations does not allow fair value from turning out to be valuation method for non-financial assets (Cantrell, McInnis and Yust 2013). Companies financial reporting selections within consolidated statements, encompassing their non-financial assets valuations have less tax complications. The valuation technique for PPE mentioned within GAAP is the historical cost. Considering IFRS and GAAP, PPE can be identified over expenses. Moreover, significant date of balance sheet is valued at both fair value along with historical cost. In both the scenarios, such assets are deemed depreciation subject. At the time fair value is implemented, alterations in asset value are mentioned within revaluation reassure that includes fraction of shareholders equit y (Bratten, Causholli and Myers 2015). For this reason, revaluations can just affect net income by mean of future depreciation expenses. As per IFRS, selection of valuation needs to be same for the asset classes. For PPE, it is gathered that 3% of sample companies employ fair value accounting for just an asset class as per IFRS implementation (Oulasvirta 2014). As per guidelines of GAAP, historical cost is just the valuation technique allowed for the assets those are intangible. In the same company considers using historical cost, it can carry out future upward revaluations. Managers gain incentives to make effective valuation choices that indicate companies stakeholders interest. It can be stated that GAAP and IFRS are identical in consideration to PPE valuation. Free Choice between Historical Cost and Fair Value Accounting For PPE and Intangibles Different from several accounting standards, IFRS serves as free choice among the fair value and historical cost accounting for the non-financial assets. The free choice declared by IFRS standards facilitates the managers signifying the external stakeholders to reveal choices in accordance with valuation activities (Palea 2014). Managements selection must be exercised abiding by free exchange principles and in the lack of externalities, for instance, on auditors part or industry organizations. Considering the same, it can be stated that under IFRS both the historical cost and fair value are supported for PPE and investment property. However, an a market does not really exist for the intangibles and for this reason, the managerial selection of the valuation circumstances for the intangibles might not be considered as liberated for the investment property and PPE (Griffin 2014). Selection between historical cost accounting and fair value serves as an aspect of long-term conflict among the accounting practitioners. Presence of the market-based illustrations on such free choice is very less. Selection of fair value other than historical cost accounting for the non-financial assets is conducted within a position of the market forces other than the considerations in order to describe the results (Demerjian, Donovan and Larson 2016). In general, it is revealed that decreased use of fair value accounting will be considered. Moreover, from several organizational observations is deemed to rely the market forces for determining the choice. Fair value accounting must be considered to use at the time reliable fair value anticipations are assessable at decreased cost and while they convey information regarding operating performance. For instance, along with few implications, the companys managers are committed to historical cost accounting for plant and equipment (Demer jian, Donovan, and Larson 2016). It was gathered that findings of appropriate selection of fair value accounting and historical cost contributes to the debate that presents market solution to major concerns. Fair value is not likely to serve as valuation method for non-likely to be valuation techniques for non-liquid non-financial assets on regular basis. Several predictions that is cross sectional centering on the tradeoffs of cost-benefit between two valuation conducts are identified (Durocher and Gendron 2014). Reliability serves as major dimension based historical cost that dominates the fair value, the expenses of build dependable fair value anticipations those are deemed as major cross-sectional determinant of selection between both the accounting practices. It is deemed that fair value accounting is extremely possible for being selected for property than several other non-financial assets, as property markets are liquid (Durocher and Gendron 2014). It is also observed that managers tend to implement fair value while it supports performance analysis. Changes in value in investment property are informative for operating performance at the time capital advantages are fraction of business model as it is deemed that utilization of fair value in real estate companies results in holding the investment property. Moreover, dependence on debt-financing impacts fair value selection. Conclusion The aim of the report was to distinguish between the historical cost and fair value accounting for certain non-financial assets namely PPE (plant, property and equipment) alog with intangibles. Historical cost is understood as actual cost that is known to be the real amount or certain other equivalents at the time of acquiring along with making several resources and properties. Considering the historical cost, the cost of an asset mentioned in the balance sheet is relied on its original and nominal cost at the time any company is acquired. An organization that selects historical cost might not conduct upward revaluation in the upcoming years. Switch among the fair value and historical cost is deemed as voluntary change in accounting principles and requires being justified to lenders, auditors, equity investors along with the regulators. Several critics of fair value accounting stated that estimates of fair value decrease reliability. Considering the same historical cost has several benefits those are similar and has increased objectivity along with focussing on the transactions those are actually involved in the company other than hypothetical alternatives. IFRS serves as free choice between the fair value and historical cost accounting for the non-financial assets. IFRS standards consider free choice facilitates the managers signifying the external stakeholders to reveal choices in accordance with valuation activities. Managements selection must be exercised abiding by free exchange principles and in the lack of externalities, for instance, on auditors part or industry organizations. Considering the same, it can be stated that within IFRS both the historical cost and fair value are supported for investment property and PPE. Reference List Aasb.gov.au., 2017.Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017]. Asx.com.au., 2017.Home - Australian Securities Exchange - ASX. [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017]. Ball, R., Li, X. and Shivakumar, L., 2013. Mandatory IFRS adoption, fair value accounting and accounting information in debt contracts.Fair Value Accounting and Accounting Information in Debt Contracts (September 11, 2013). Bowen, R.M. and Khan, U., 2014. Market reactions to policy deliberations on fair value accounting and impairment rules during the financial crisis of 20082009.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,33(3), pp.233-259. Bratten, B., Causholli, M. and Myers, L.A., 2015. Fair value accounting, auditor specialization, and earnings management: Evidence from the banking industry.Auditor Specialization, and Earnings Management: Evidence from the Banking Industry (May 2015). Cantrell, B.W., McInnis, J.M. and Yust, C.G., 2013. Predicting credit losses: Loan fair values versus historical costs.The Accounting Review,89(1), pp.147-176. Chen, W., TAN, H.T. and Wang, E.Y., 2013. Fair value accounting and managers' hedging decisions.Journal of Accounting Research,51(1), pp.67-103. Chircop, J. and Novotny-Farkas, Z., 2016. The economic consequences of extending the use of fair value accounting in regulatory capital calculations.Journal of Accounting and Economics,62(2), pp.183-203. Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?.Review of Accounting Studies,18(3), pp.734-775. Christensen, Hans B and Nikolaev, Valeri V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test? Review of Accounting Studies, 18(3), pp. 734-775. Demerjian, P.R., Donovan, J. and Larson, C.R., 2016. Fair value accounting and debt contracting: Evidence from adoption of SFAS 159.Journal of Accounting Research. Durocher, S. and Gendron, Y., 2014. Epistemic commitment and cognitive disunity toward fair-value accounting.Accounting and Business Research,44(6), pp.630-655. Ellul, A., Jotikasthira, C., Lundblad, C.T. and Wang, Y., 2015. Is historical cost accounting a panacea? Market stress, incentive distortions, and gains trading.The Journal of Finance,70(6), pp.2489-2538. Griffin, J.B., 2014. The effects of uncertainty and disclosure on auditors' fair value materiality decisions.Journal of Accounting Research,52(5), pp.1165-1193. Ifrs.org., 2017.IFRS - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017]. Liang, L. and Riedl, E.J., 2013. The effect of fair value versus historical cost reporting model on analyst forecast accuracy.The Accounting Review,89(3), pp.1151-1177. Linsmeier, T.J., 2013. A Standard setters framework for selecting between fair value and historical cost measurement attributes: a basis for discussion of Does fair value accounting for nonfinancial assets pass the market test?.Review of Accounting Studies,18(3), pp.776-782. Londonstockexchange.com., 2017.Home - London Stock Exchange. [online] Available at: https://www.londonstockexchange.com [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017]. Missonier-Piera and Franck., 2007. Motives for fixed-asset revaluation: An empirical analysis with Swiss data, The International Journal of Accounting, 42(2), pp. 186205. Nyse.com., 2017.The New York Stock Exchange | NYSE. [online] Available at: https://www.nyse.com [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017]. Oulasvirta, L., 2014. The reluctance of a developed country to choose International Public Sector Accounting Standards of the IFAC. A critical case study.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(3), pp.272-285. Palea, V., 2014. Fair value accounting and its usefulness to financial statement users.Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting,12(2), pp.102-116. Ramanna, K., 2013. Why'Fair Value'is the Rule: How a Controversial Accounting Approach Gained Support.Harvard Business Review,91(3). Watts, R.L. and Zuo, L., 2016. Understanding practice and institutions: A historical perspective.Accounting Horizons,30(3), pp.409-423. Historical Cost Versus Fair Value Accounting Question: Discuss about the Historical Cost Versus Fair Value Accounting. Answer: Introduction This study deals with researching on a topic named as Historical cost versus fair value accounting especially for non-financial assets (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). In this particular assignment, emphasis will be given on understanding the choice linking fair value as well as historical cost secretarial as it is widely used debated issues in the secretarial journalism. Addition to that, International Financial Reporting Standards provide free choice connecting fair value as well as historical cost secretarial especially for use of non-financial possessions in case of PPE (Property, Plant and Equipment). These valuations are conducted for understanding the variation in the assessment practices used for PPE as well as intangible possessions. In this assignment, three companies are selected for analyzing their use of valuation method whether they use fair value accounting or historical value accounting. Selected companies are Wesfarmers Limited (listed in Australian Stock Exchange) , Tesco Multinational Corporation (listed in London Stock Exchange) and Accenture (listed in New York Stock Exchange). The current segment explains the treatment of non-financial property such as Property, Plant and Equipment by using whichever fair value method or past cost method. From the past decade, it has been noted that accounting profession witness an unprecedented of either harmonization or convergence process in related to IASB Models (Waegenaere, Sansing and Wielhouwer 2015). This is one of the processes that will help in facilitating the comparison of financial information in and among the firm in various jurisdictions by making use of similar regulatory framework. Justification for using dimension concepts in relation to historical expenditure and fair value accounting The choice connecting fair value as well as historical cost secretarial is one of the controversial issues present in the secretarial text (Reimers 2014). IFRS 13 define fair value measurement and sets out in a distinct IFRS structure for measuring the same. It majorly requires disclosure regarding fair value measurements. IFRS 13 is applicable when another IFRS permits for measuring the fair value disclosures regarding fair value measurements like fair value less cost to sell. This includes the share-based payments dealings contained by the limits of IFRS 2. Addition to that, IAS 17 Leases takes into consideration leasing transactions (Ramanna 2013). In accordance with IASB Framework, the major objective of fair value measurement means estimating the price whereby orderly transactions sells or transfers the liability by the market participants (Pratt 2013). Fair value measurement means an entity for determining the following criteria as under: It include the particular asset or liability that is subjective to measurement in its unit of account (Macve 2015) It include non-financial asset whereby there is valuation premises acting appropriate for measurement bases (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014) It is the principal market especially for asset or in that case liability (Horngren et al. 2013) It means the valuation techniques used for measurement with the available data by developing inputs by representing assumption. Addition to that, market participants who uses pricing techniques for measuring the asset or liability in a fair value hierarchy (Hoggett et al. 2014). Historical cost accounting, on the other hand, it include the interest capitalization issues places in a broader perspectives for addressing within the context of overarching fair value measurement objectives. This cost accounting in that case for capitalization of interest at market rate of return as considered by standard setters (Henderson et al. 2015). Firstly, IFRS establishes free choice linking fair value as well as historical expenditure secretarial especially for non-financial resources unlike other secretarial principles (Harrison et al. 2014). In addition, present setting explains that IFRS requires exante obligation from one or two accounting policies. This exante remains in the management interest for limiting the scope for prospect opportunistic events such as earnings administration. Managers should have stronger incentive for responding to marketplace demands as well as commit towards accounting treatment for value maximization of firm. Considering the command or advantage side, fair worth secretarial considered to be superior on comparing with historical cost accounting in accordance to Financial Accounting Standards Board (Edwards 2013). As rightly put forward by Gassen (2014), adoption of IFRS is linked with slight move towards fair value secretarial especially for non-financial possessions and constraint under historical cost secretarial under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. There are several cross-sectional predictions that focus majorly on cost-benefit tradeoffs connecting given assessment practice. It is expected in considering attributes such as local economic, governance as well as legal institutions influencing the market solution in the most appropriate way (Deegan 2013). Fair value secretarial is more preferable for selecting possessions than other non-financial resources (Deegan and Ward 2013). Managers adopt fair value for facilitating performance measurement whereby value changes especially in asset property. It is expected that use of fair worth at real land for holding speculation possessions. In other words, Fair worth negatively affects the key presentation events such as return on assets whereby management selects for holding unproductive assets. Evidence supports market supply cost as well as demand factors influencing the choice of fair value in comparing it with historical cost accounting (Christensen, Baker and Cottrell 2014). As rightly put forward by Deegan (2013), it is argued that fair value secretarial is used for accounting non-financial possessions like augmented value significance as well as information oriented. This is one of the benefits for using fair value accounting into proper course of action. Findings shows that use of fair value is not random as well as occur when benefits outweighs the potential costs. Some of the evidence suggests enormous preponderance of managers for understanding the net reimbursement for use of fair value accounting (Cascino et al. 2016). Fair Value dimension is conducted on the foundation of being more specific for decision makers of monetary statement (Callen 2015). It is argued that fair value improves transparency as well as comparability and appropriateness of gaining secretarial information. Benefits of fair value accounting takes into consideration advantage revaluations for finding out fair value posses for gaining superior relevance Evaluating the advantages and challenges by means of using historical cost and fair value secretarial for PPE intangibles Fair Value Accounting IAS 16 explains PPE (Property, Plant and Equipment used for Small and Medium sized enterprises that fails in permitting use of a model for PPE (Bradshaw et al. 2013). There is less fair value measurement used for SMEs. This initial measurement include costs such as purchase costs after trade discounts for gaining settlement discount used for early cash payments. In fair value accounting, items of PPE should be recognized as assets whereby it is likely that prospect financial reimbursement in association with benefit run of business entity. This particular recognition principle is applied to PPE costs for acquisition or constructing item of PPE costs. One of the benefits of fair value accounting is providing accurate valuation of PPE intangibles and other assets (Bevis 2013). This particular method of accounting help in providing more accuracy for current valuation of assets as well as liabilities Fair Value Accounting provides dimension of true profits. Addition to that, there is less of an chance for manipulating secretarial information by making use of fair value approach as far as possible (Bazley et al. 2013). Fair Value Accounting is more agreed upon use of standard of accounting whereby historical cost accounting provides inaccurate data. It is the far value accounting that tracks all types of assets starting from equipments to buildings as well as land. This reveals the fact that Fair Value Accounting provides a method used for survival in a difficult economy. In that case, fair value accounting aims at allowing ways for asset deductions in and within the market (Waegenaere, Sansing and Wielhouwer 2015). Historical Cost Accounting Historical Cost Accounting has several benefits that are used for accounting PPE intangibles (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). This method had undergone criticism for given period as it takes into consideration acquisition cost of assets as well as fails in recognizing the current market value. Historical cost accounting is objective in nature that majorly records original cost of an item for making the final purchase (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). This particular cost accounting has no room for handling as well as information supported by self-governing documentary confirmation like statement, cheque stump as well as statement and receipt. This accounting method help in recording the transactions for gaining fewer objectives as the amount is being recorded as well as depends upon individual point of view at the same time (Waegenaere, Sansing and Wielhouwer 2015). On comparing between different accounting method, historical cost is easier as well as cheaper way of assessment. It depends upon original cost that is already existed as well as cannot amend for determining factors. Addition to that, it requires less estimation especially for accountants for recording data as well as easier for auditor for inspection purpose. This historical cost accounting method is extremely reliable as examined under IASB Framework (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). Recognition of estimation activities in relation to the utilize of historical cost and fair value secretarial Wesfarmers Limited Wesfarmers Limited is one of the Australian-listed retail company listed in Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). This company uses fair value method of accounting for valuing its non-financial assets such as Property, Plant and Equipment. PPE is affirmed at cost less accumulates reduction as well as any other accumulated impairment losses. Wesfarmers Limited includes the price for replacing the parts that seems to be eligible used for capitalization at replacing the unit cost. This major inspection is formed by recognizing the cost concerning payables from the taxation authority (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). This retail organization uses straight line method for calculating depreciation for 4 to 40 years (useful life of an asset) for Plant and Equipment. Tesco Multinational Corporation Tesco Multinational Corporation is one the retail organization that is listed in London Stock Exchange (Tesco plc 2017). This retail company treats all their non-financial assets such as PPE by performing impairment testing as proper indicator of impairment. This existence of indicators involves the recoverable amount of assets for determining the extent of impairment loss. When a particular asset fails in generating cash flows, then these are considered independent than other possessions. This company estimates the recoverable quantity for cash-generating units for assets. This recoverable amount is considerable higher after comparing it with fair value after deducting costs for selling as well as value in use (Tesco plc 2017). In that case, recoverable amount of an assets are majorly estimated to be quite less than its carrying amount as mentioned the Income Statement. Accenture Accenture had excellent fiscal year for the year 2015 that reflects successful execution of strategy in and across the world. This is company based in Ireland as well as listed in New York Stock Exchange (Accenture.com 2017). They treat PPE intangibles by considering free cash flow amounting to $ 3.7 Billion as well as PPE amounting to $ 395 Million. This company makes strategies in and across dimensions for the business as well as investments for reaching new and high growth areas. They aim at delivering business with strong revenue growth for outpacing the market condition. This means generating strong new bookings as well as grew earnings per share for delivering strong free cash flows. This enables return of substantial cash to potential shareholders for continue making significant investment in business (Accenture.com 2017). Analyzing the valuation practices for PPE and intangibles: Wesfarmers Limited Valuation practices used by Wesfarmers Limited are consistent in nature as they proceeds from the sale of PPE amounting to $ 358 Million (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). This resulted in net capital expenditure amounting to $ 456 Million for the previous years. This retail property majorly makes the disposals for accelerating for given year in treating non-financial assets such as Property, Plant and Equipment. In the balance sheet of Wesfarmers Limited, it has been seen that the valuation of PPE remained consistent because capital expenditure was offset by major disposals as well as depreciation (Wesfarmers.com.au 2017). It has been mentioned previously that working capital finishes because of increased inventories in relation with store network growth. The valuation of non-financial assets such as PPE is measured by way of viewing at the cost of an asset after deducting depreciation as well as impairment. This means the cost of asset takes into consideration cost of replacing parts that a re sued for capitalization as well as cost of major inspections (Waegenaere, Sansing and Wielhouwer 2015). Tesco Multinational Corporation From the accounting policy section, it has been noted that Tesco held 17900 Million Euros for treating PPE intangibles in consistent form for the year 2016. In Tesco, the Group performed impairment testing for treating the non-financial assets such as Property, Plant and Equipment (Tesco plc 2017). This particular company exorcizes over judging the ways for determining the useful lives as well as residual values of non-financial assets such as PPE intangibles. These assets are mainly depreciate from their remaining values for a estimated useful lives. They even exercises for judgment for determining the required classification of shopping malls considered as investment properties or non-financial assets. There are several factors that needs to be considered for making the determination such as level of services rendered by tenants, property of sublet space acting as a variation in the earning management (Tesco plc 2017). Free cash flow is considered as the net money generated from th e in service behavior after deducting from capital spending especially on non-financial assets such as PPE intangibles. Accenture On analysis, it had been found that Accenture has consistent treatment for valuing their non-financial assets such as Property, Plant and Equipment. Accenture Plc PPE gross hugely declined from 2014 to 2015 and then increases from 2015 to 2016 (Accenture.com 2017). This means carrying amount taken from the balance sheet for valuation of long-lasting physical possessions used for usual behavior of commerce as well as not future for resale activities. This takes into consideration land, equipment, computer equipment as well as furniture and vehicles. These are the amount that is excluded from depreciation (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). Tangible assets, on the other hand, are held by business unit for making use especially in case of manufacture of goods as well as services. It is expected that the company uses or provides economic benefits for more than a year from net accumulated depreciation (Accenture.com 2017). This takes into consideration land as well as production equipment as well as buildings at the same time. Free option connecting historical cost and fair value accounting for PPE and intangibles The choice linking fair value as well as historical cost accounting is the subject for very old argument in and among secretarial academic as well as regulator (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). There should be free choice connecting historical cost and fair value secretarial especially for PPE (Property, Plant and Equipment) and intangibles. Further tests signifies that the option for using fair worth varying largely with its financial costs as well as reimbursement. It remains consistent whereby it is found that there are institutional differences as important determinants for selection of fair value. The other predictions are made whereby managers uses fair value for obtaining reliable estimates are consistently low. Fair value expects for facilitation of performance measurement. Most of the business firms hold investment property whereby fair choice is associate and considered as primary activity (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). It shows some confirmation whereby company with l ower speculation opportunity by using fair worth techniques. It is predicted that reliance on debt financing in association for use of fair value taking into consideration asset property and PPE intangibles. This verdict shows robustness as well as holds well while measuring the dependence on liability by leveraging the incidence of debt market assessment. This indicates that market supply as well as command factor pressure the alternative of fair value in opposition to historical cost secretarial. This means historical price is far more leading in nature that attributes secretarial practices while marketplace forces decide the outcome of the option. It is argued that fair value secretarial used by way of documenting a marketplace explanation by selection connecting historical cost as well as fair worth especially for non-financial possessions (Waegenaere, Sansing and Wielhouwer 2015). This help in considerate the marketplace explanation by providing input into regulators choice making procedure. This reveals that marketplace solution are offered by bringing efficient welfare solutions in case of any kind of possible market failures. Firstly, management choice needs to be exercised after considering principles of free exchange as well as absence of externalities such as correction on part of auditors or in that case industry organization. Secondly, in case free markets fails in conducting discipline management by promoting the interest of outside investors such as government failures or the presence of information asymmetry (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). Managers select accounting practices from their private sources of inter est activities. There are two additional features for setting opportunism for considering the IFRS requirements for pre-committing of either fair value accounting or historical price. It takes into consideration nonexistence of information irregularity connecting principal or investor as well as agent or organization in admiration to agents events such as selection of accounting practices (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). Conclusion From the above analysis, it has been noted that measurements concepts are widely used by companies in accordance to IASB Framework and IFRS 13. Companies either use fair value accounting or historical cost accounting for evaluating their non-financial assets such as PPE and other intangibles. The above discussion clearly explains the concept of fair value accounting as well as historical cost accounting as a measurement bases. It also takes into consideration various benefits as well as challenges by making use of historical cost accounting as well as fair value accounting especially for non-financial assets like PPE intangibles. The above-mentioned companies (Wesfarmers, Tesco and Accenture) use fair value accounting as a measurement bases for making effective valuation practices. In the last part, it is recommended that there should be free choice of selecting either fair value accounting or historical cost accounting for making the valuation of non-financial assets such as PPE and intangibles. References Accenture.com. (2017).Strategy, Consulting, Digital, Tech, and Operations | Accenture. [online] Available at: https://www.accenture.com [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017]. Bazley, M., Hancock, P., Fisher, C., Lovell, A., Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P., 2013.Financial Accounting: An Integrated. Thomson Pty Ltd, South Melbourne. Bevis, H.W., 2013.Corporate Financial Accounting in a Competitive Economy (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Bradshaw, M., Bens, D., Frost, C.A., Gordon, E., McVay, S., Miller, G., Pfeiffer, R., Plumlee, M., Shakespeare, C., Thomas, W. and Wong, F., 2013. Financial reporting policy committee of the American accounting association's financial accounting and reporting section: Accounting standard setting for private companies.Accounting Horizons,28(1), pp.175-192. Callen, J.L., 2015. A selective critical review of financial accounting research.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,26, pp.157-167. Cascino, S., Clatworthy, M., Osma, B.G., Gassen, J., Imam, S. and Jeanjean, T., 2016. The decision usefulness of financial accounting information: an experimental interview study of institutional investors. Pearson Higher Ed. Christensen, T.E., Baker, R.E. and Cottrell, D.M., 2014.Advanced Financial Accounting. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Deegan, C. and Ward, A.M., 2013. Financial Accounting and Reporting: An International Approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Gassen, J., 2014. Causal inference in empirical archival financial accounting research.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(7), pp.535-544. Harrison, W.T., Horngren, C.T., Thomas, C.B. and Suwardy, T., 2014. Financial accounting: international financial reporting standards. Pearson Higher Ed Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hoggett, J., Edwards, L., Medlin, J., Chalmers, K., Hellmann, A., Beattie, C. and Maxfield, J., 2014. Financial accounting. Routledge. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Pratt, J., 2013.Financial accounting in an economic context. Wiley Global Education. Ramanna, K., 2013. Why'Fair Value'is the Rule: How a Controversial Accounting Approach Gained Support.Harvard Business Review,91(3). Reimers, J.L., 2014.Financial Accounting: Business Process Approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Tesco plc. (2017).Tesco PLC. [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017]. Waegenaere, A., Sansing, R. and Wielhouwer, J.L., 2015. Financial accounting effects of tax aggressiveness: Contracting and measurement.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(1), pp.223-242. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2017).The Wesfarmers Way. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/who-we-are/the-wesfarmers-way [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017].

Occupational and Organizational Cultures Administrative

Question: Discuss about the Occupational and Organizational Cultures Administrative. Answer: Introduction Wilson Brothers is a Canadian company which manufactures and supplies different categories of prepared foods which entail a variety of baked products and other kinds of bottled drinks for the Canadian people from many of its branches. The industry was started in 1960 by Bob and John. The company has six functioning branches in Canada and its headquarters are situated in Brandon Manitoba. Due to increased demand of its products, the company has widened its market and opened more plants. The Human Resource Manager requires assessing the companys performance and measuring its output based on the available resources. This will involve designing and structuring the business, designing jobs to impact its performance, enhancing effective decision making, engaging in equity when it comes to issues related to fairness in the company, facilitating productive organizational culture and change, improving team or group work, how conflicts within the organization can be resolved, choosing and prac ticing of the best leadership style, and use of power in a motivational and productive manner (Wilson Brothers Enterprise Ltd., n.d.). Organizational Design and Structure The industry has a medium sized branch in Ontario, Cambridge. Up to recently, bakery products and bottled drinks were prepared at this plant. For the recent 30 days the industry has made a deal with some big grocery chains to distribute the baked products that are part of their present market products as well as new bakery products that the grocery businesses have ordered. It is an opportunity to the company since many of the grocery chains have made a decision not to prepare the bakery on their own but rather buy them from Wilson Brothers and sell them for a profit. This means the company will increase its supply and sales based on the deal it has finalized with the grocery chains (Ancona, 2013). Since the branch in Cambridge does not have the potential to manufacture the products to address the needs of the contracts, the company through the Human Resource manager should seek for more facilities that can be on sale. For instance, it got a manufacturing industry in Scarborough that was previously under a Company that as well prepared baked foods. The branch has the vats, ovens, packaging, conveyor, and prep sections which are essential for producing products that are requested by the new contracts. This branch is designed to produce more bakery products, five times the capacity of the present Cambridge plant. A little blow over of trucks, majority with refrigerators, was also contained in the package deal; therefore the new branch shall not be contracting with a trucking organization supply their products to the consumers. Late increases in orders for bottled drinks will lead to the increased output of the bottling function at the Cambridge branch, hence, taking over the spac e lately utilized by the bakery function (Fleishman, E. A. (2013). The globalization as well as the economic crisis forced the company to re-thing the strategies and change the ways they are operating. The company began switching their focus from the market to products and the competitors resulting in the lots of piecemeal change initiative instead of looking at the overall organization design. The structures, roles and the functions of the company were realigned with the new objectives of the company. The company expands its supply of food to outside United States, Europe and any other countries to ensure that the global market is reached. However, one disadvantage with this design and structure does not make use of economies of scale (Feldman, 2016). Job Design Employee motivation is significant in any workplace whose aim is to maximize productivity and revenue generation. A Human Resource manager requires making all the efforts possible to increase output in the companys operations. As a result, Human Resource needs to apply all the job design guidelines to ensure they lead to the staff participation and motivation. In so doing, every employee should be assigned specific duties they are trained in and have an extensive experience with the roles they undertake in the production process. For instance, every worker should be assigned a task and responsibilities based on their qualifications regarding the job description that a particular position requires. An accountant should have training in Commerce, finance and any related expertise in the business field. Based on scientific theories to management (Henry Fayols approach), selection of employees should be based on their qualifications that meet the positions needs (Dyer, 2015). When it comes to promoting employees, the process should be fair so that the staff is likely to be motivated. Whenever the process of promotion is unfair, employees get demoralized and feel not accepted and appreciated for the work they do. However, when the promotion is fair and engaging, every employee is likely to do best for future possible promotion. The promotion criteria should be clear and easily understood by every staff member, so that there are possible demonstrations against promotion which may lead to reduction of the companys sales as a whole (Durkin, 2014). The way the job is designed plays a major impact on the employee motivation, commitment to the organization, job satisfaction, absenteeism and the turnover. The work of the managers is to plan the work to be done by the employees. For this case, there is no job appraisal, and successions hence the job design is not well utilized (Deal Kennedy, 2013). Decision Making Strategic decisions that are made by the Wilsons brothers should be communicated to the employees in an effective manner, so that desired goals of the business are achieved. The information should be sent periodically to the employees without fail throughout business period. The employees are told what is not working well so that comfort is build. The company does not concentrate in positives only but they rather call the negative also. The company focuses on what is not going well so that they can dig in and get the better. Employees enquiries are responded in time to avoid situation that the employees are lowering their moral (Chandler, 2014). Decision making is very crucial in any organization. However, the decisions made can be significant based on how they are made and approached. In situations where decisions are made collectively, they are likely to be implemented faster and their outcomes experienced soon because most of the employees were involved in the plan. In such decisions, people work as a team to achieve the goals that are put in place. However, in cases where one or two people make decisions, they are likely to receive resistance and their implementation gets slow and this can lead to underperformance. Whenever the management as well as the Human Resource Personnel come up with certain decisions regarding the companys operations, the staff should be encouraged to take part in this process. It will lead to collective responsibility and accountability (Bradford, Gibb, Benne, 2015). The company should be able to separate ownership from management. Management team should be given sufficient priority to come up with decisions based on their skills and experience. Ownership should play a role in signing some contracts or buying of facilities. But, decisions to do with performance and other productive measures should be upon the management and the staff because they have a considerable experience in the functioning of the company than owners do (Bion, 2014). First of all, there are no equity policies. The perceived fairness determines if the employees are going to make extra effort to reach the organizational goals and the objective of his or her own job. The firm ensures that the rewards of the employees are rooted in the principle of fairness. The core driver of the retention, engagement and performance is the employee perception on fairness. Some of the fairness that the company ensures is making sure that there is career development and opportunities, compensation, work climate is conducive, management of supervisory conflict and by making sure there is no challenging work (Benne Shears, 2013). Issues to deal with promotion should be fair based on department gender and disability. All the three categories of people should be considered while promoting the current staff or recruiting the new employees. Fairness in an organization is a symbol that everyone is recognized in the company. It is through this recognition that the staff can work together as a team without any feeling for jealousy of the other. It is because the entire team is treated fairly and the sense of love will definitely develop among them (Beckhard Harris, 2014). Organizational Culture The strong business culture in the company indicates that employees are like minded and hold similar beliefs and the ethical values. When this beliefs and ethical values are aligned with the objective of the organization then it is proved that building teams is easier for there is quick build of rapport and trust. The culture of the organization has varying impact on the performance of the employees and the motivational levels (Beckhard, 2014). Whenever a weak culture exists, every employee is likely to have his or her own core values. Weak culture also lowers the companys performance since everyone feels to work in their own ways. It results in poor performance because the staff fails to cooperate collectively in achieving the companys objectives that are put in place (Beckhard, 2014). Organizational Change The Wilson Brothers limited expanded to the western United States and several plants in Europe as a way of expanding the market for its products. This allowed the company to sell more products generating more profits. The other change is that there was newly appointed director of human resources (Bass, 2013). The expansion undertaken by Wilson Brothers Company will result in increased profits. Whenever the revenues go high, the company is likely to grow faster and reach massive customers. Consequently, the employees are likely to get maximum motivation that can be inform of promotions or salary increment. The expansion includes the business deal with the grocery chain suppliers. The changes being contemplated in future include fully customer satisfaction and improved experience in their products. Another future contemplation of the industry is the plan of continued expansion to ensure it globalizes and be able to attract many customers to buying their products. In other words the company is maintaining the current market while searching for new customers as it proceeds to globalize and manufacture high quality products (Bass, 2013). Work Groups/Teams The brothers only attend meetings with two noteworthy teams in the company. They should be more present and get involved with other departments and teams as often as possible.There are no formal team meetings held in the office. Work groups and teams are very beneficial to a company because it gives employees the opportunity to stay in the loops, interact, and grow morale. There are no consistent policies on any employee relations issues, any employee at any level can be terminated at any time if he/she fell out of favor with the owners (Barley, 2013). It is beneficial if the brothers could project on improving teamwork within the organization. Teamwork means working as an entire company with equality and fairness. While working in a team, more ideas regarding any situations which arise can help in addressing the situations as soon as possible. Always teams accomplish tasks faster than when everyone works in his or her own ways to complete a particular task allocated to anyone. It is therefore necessary for the two brothers to delegate the responsibilities to team building personnel in an organization so that there is sustained team work to improve productivity forever. When people in an organization work as a group, they develop a strong culture which is supportive to the organization. Conflict There is no specific conflict resolution that is mentioned in the organization. However, various conflicts may arise in the company at any time during the working or off working hours. The conflicts can be employee to employee or organization to employee. There are various methods that can be used to deal with some of these conflicts. Among them include negotiation and arbitration. Negotiation involves bargaining which is aimed at getting the central point where all the parties are satisfied with the decisions made because they take part in achieving them. In arbitration process, the court gets in to settle the differences between the parties involved by law (Bales, 2013). Leadership Style The brothers have no succession plan for when they retire, which could be very damaging for the company. The brothers were very smart in hiring local CEOs in their foreign markets in order to respect the culture and integrate the culture into business practices. They were able to manage their foreign markets with cultural sensitivity and this is beneficial to not only productivity but also to the company's reputation (Argyris Sehon, 2012). Therefore, the company should set rules that govern the selection and appointment of the top management positions. In so doing, the future succession for those positions can be conducted successfully without any difficulties. Whenever there is a written succession plan, the upcoming administrators are likely to adhere to it. This will prevent any confusion in position taking when others retire (Argyris, Putnam Smith, 2014). Power, Influence and Motivation There is strong power which is being exercised by the brothers that makes the employees to be fearful for they suspect they can lose their jobs any time. So they are worried reducing their morals. This is because there are no policies that can defend their affairs as the employees (Argyris Sehon, 2012). The company should have policies that are friendly to the workers whether for employees on a contract basis or those employed as permanent workers. The policies should be written and be able to be signed by the employer and employees. The policies will enable the staff feel secure on their jobs and stop looking for alternative jobs elsewhere due to the fear that they may have while working for the organization. The management should consider applying considerable power to employees so that they do not feel downgraded or more inferior in the workplace (Ancona, 2013). Conclusion The Wilson Brothers Company has a great capacity to become superior in baked products and bottled juices. However, it requires strong Human Resources decisions that can be appropriate to it objectives. Human Resource management is a powerful tool to defining all the roles of each employee and how they can be motivated to achieve maximum production (Ancona, 2013). References Wilson Brothers Enterprise Ltd. (n.d.). From: www.profilecanada.com Ancona, D. G. (2013). Groups in organizations: Extending laboratory models. In C. Hendriek (Ed.), Annual review of personality and social psychology: Group and intergroup processes.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Argyris, C., Putnam, R., Smith, D. M. (2014). Action science. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Argyris, C., Sehon, D. A. (2012). 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