Managerial Values: Moral Roghts

The most telling criticism of deontology is that exceptions to universal statements can nearly always be found. Some deontologists have dealt from the problem by suggesting that you can find prima facie universals that allow exceptions in certain situations. Thus, even though we may well consider the universal statement, "It is wrong to lie," a modest thought should create instances where lying can prevent major harm for an individual or society. To deal adequately with these required exceptions, the burden of proof is shifted towards the individual who breaks the universal, and anyone who does so ought to be prepared to justify his or her action.

Deontology is a method of ethics according to the tenets that (1) a set of moral rules exists which humans need to follow, and (2) the principles underlying these moral rules are unchanging. Deontology is a difficult ethical program to employ simply because a variety of persons may adhere to a variety of sets of moral rules. Nevertheless, it is apparent to

 

e that my affinity for the ethical technique of deontology has caused my MVP to be heavily weighted toward moral rights.

Yet one more essential difficulty affecting utilitarian evaluation stands out as the identification on the consequences of an act. It is usually difficult, if not impossible, to identify all the consequences of a particular act; specifically so with respect to long-term outcomes. The sort of utilitarian philosophy described above is named act utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is differentiated from rule utilitarianism, exactly where sorts of actions cause general rules. Under rule utilitarianism, actions are evaluated in the context of general rules, rather than their personal particular outcomes.

In addition to act and rule utilitarianism, utilitarian philosophy can also be categorized as (1) egoistic or universalistic, (2) hedonistic or idealistic, and (3) normative or descriptive. These latter distinctions may well apply to either act or rule utilitarianism. The egoistic/universalistic distinction depends upon whether the only consequences regarded as are individuals that apply only.

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